Islamism, Christianism, Urbanism, and The Capitalization of Urban Space
Abstract views: 447
,
PDF downloads: 302
Abstract
Abstract: This paper relates Islamic studies, namely Islamism, with Christian studies, urban studies in an integrative way. The objects of written material are religions, social movements, politics, and cities. The research was conducted from July 2012 to July 2018 using a qualitative empirical approach with depth interview techniques and the use of social media, combined with literature studies. The author argues, it is a fundamental mistake if scholars of Islamic studies believe too much that Islamic social movements are a manifestation of Islamism as the ideology of Islamists as published so far. In practice, Islamic social movements, especially in urban communities, are far more complex than ideological issues. Examining the Salatiga urbanites as the location and subject research, it is found a religious linkage and the caliptalization of urban space. This linkage creates a contentious politics and the interests of the urban elite that play into it during the Regional Head Election.
الملخص: تربط هذه الورقة الدراسات الإسلامية ، أي الإسلاموية ، بالدراسات المسيحية ، والدراسات الحضرية بطريقة تكاملية. المواد المكتوبة هي الأديان والحركات الاجتماعية والسياسة والمدن. تم إجراء البحث في الفترة من يوليو 2012 إلى يوليو 2018 باستخدام نهج تجريبي نوعي مع تقنيات المقابلة العميقة واستخدام وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي ، جنبًا إلى جنب مع دراسات الأدب. يجادل المؤلف بأنه من الخطأ الأساسي أن يعتقد علماء الدراسات الإسلامية أن الحركات الاجتماعية الإسلامية هي مظهر من مظاهر الإسلاموية باعتبارها إيديولوجية الإسلاميين كما نُشرت حتى الآن. في الممارسة العملية ، الحركات الاجتماعية الإسلامية ، خاصة في المجتمعات الحضرية ، أكثر تعقيدًا بكثير من القضايا الإيديولوجية. عند دراسة سكان سالاتيجا كموقع وبحث موضوعي ، وجد ارتباطًا دينيًا وخلافة الفضاء الحضري. يخلق هذا الارتباط سياسة مثيرة للجدل ومصالح النخبة الحضرية التي تلعب دورها خلال انتخابات رئيس المنطقة.
Abstrak: Tulisan ini mengaitkan studi Islam, yakni Islamisme dengan studi Kristen, studi perkotaan secara integratif. Objek material tulisan adalah agama, gerakan sosial, politik, dan kota. Penelitian dilakukan sejak Juli 2012 hingga Juli 2018 dengan pendekatan kualitatif empirik dengan teknik wawancara mendalam dan penggunaan media sosial, digabung dengan studi literatur. Penulis berargumentasi, adalah kekeliruan mendasar jika para sarjana studi Islam terlalu meyakini bahwa gerakan-gerakan sosial Islam merupakan manifestasi Islamisme sebagai ideologi kaum Islamis seperti dipublikasikan selama ini. Dalam praksisnya, gerakan-gerakan sosial Islam, khususnya di masyarakat kota jauh lebih kompleks dari persoalan ideologis. Dari masyarakat Kota Salatiga sebagai lokasi dan subjek penelitian, ditemukan keterkaitan agama dengan kaliptalisasi ruang kota. Keterkaitan itu menimbulkan politik perselisihan dan kepentingan elite urban yang bermain dalamnya pada saat Pemilihan Kepala Daerah.
Downloads
References
Afzaal, Ahmed. “The Origin of Islam as a Social Movement,” Islamic Studies 42, no. 2 (2003): 203-243.
Ahmad, Bilal. “Urbanization and Urban Development in the Muslim World: From the Islamic City Model to Megacities.” GeoJournal 37, no. 1 (1995), 113-123.
Ahnaf, Mohammad Iqbal. “Tiga Jalan Islam Politik di Indonesia: Reformasi, Refolusi dan Revolusi.” Wawasan 1, no. 2 (2019): 127-140.
Allen, John, Massey, Doreen, Pryke, Michael. “Introduction,” in John Allen, Doreen Massey, Michael Pryke (eds.). Unsettling Cities: Movement/Settlement. London and New York: Routledge in asscociation with The Open University, 1999.
Amin, Dominic M. From Islamism to Post-Islamism: A Study of a New Intellectual Discourse on Islam and Modernity in Pakistan. Thesis to Obtain the Degree of Doctor, The Erasmus University Rotterdam International Institute of Social Studies The Hague, The Netherlands, Monday 26 April 2010.
Ansor, Muhammad. “Post-Islamism and the Remaking of Islamic Public Sphere in Post- Reform Indonesia.” Studi Islamika 23, no. 3 (2016), 471-516.
Aspinall, Edward. “Elections and the Normalization of Politics in Indonesia,” South East Asia Research 13, no. 2 (2005): 117-156.
Babbie, Earl. The Practice of Social Research. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2015.
Badan Kerjasama Gereja-gereja Salatiga, Members, http://bkgssalatiga.com/index.php/renungan/, Acessed 1 Juli 2015.
Barton, Greg, “Political Legitimacy in Indonesia: Islam, Democracy, and Good Governance.” In J. Kane, HC. Loy, H. Patapan (eds.). Political Legitimacy in Asia. Palgrave Series on Asian Governance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Bayat, Asef. “Post-Islamist at Large.” In Asef Bayat (ed.s). Post-Islamis and the Changing Faces of Political Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. “Editor’s Introduction.” In Clifford Edmund Bosworth (ed.). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2007.
Branson, Kayla. “Islamist Cyber-Activism: Contesting the Message, Redefining the Public,” The Journal of North African Studies 19, no. 5 (2014), 713-732.
Bubalo, Anthony, Fealy, Greg. Joining the Caravan?: The Middle East, Islamism and Indonesia. Australia: Longueville Media, 2005.
Buchari, Sri Astuti. Kebangkitan Etnis Menuju Politik Identitas. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2014.
Djatmiko. Interview, Salatiga, July 30, 2015.
Dumper, Michael. “Introduction: The Urban Dimension of Religious Conflicts.” In Michael Dumper (ed.). Contested Holy Cities: The Urban Dimension of Religious Conflicts. London and New York: Routledge, 2019.
Hakh, Samuel Benyamin. “Peranan Orang Kristen dalam Pusaran Politik di Indonesia,” Jurnal Ilmiah Musik dan Agama 2, no. 1 (2018), 1-17.
Hardoy, J.E., Satterhwaite, D. Small and Intermediate Urban Centers: Their Role in Regional and National Development in the Third World. London: Hooder and Stoughton, 1986.
Harmakaputra, Hans Abdiel. “ISLAMISM AND POST-ISLAMISM “Non-Muslim” in Socio-Political Discourses of Pakistan, the United States, and Indonesia,” Al- Jāmi‘ah, 53, no. 1 (2015): 180-204.
Haryatmoko. “Formalisme Hukum dan Rasa Keadilan” Kompas, Kamis, 23 Juli 2015, 6.
Hasan, Noorhaidi. Laskar Jihad, Islam, Militancy, and the Quest for Identity in Post-New Order Indonesia. New York: Cornell University, 2006.
Hidayaturrahman, Mohammad, Sudarman. “Kyai and Political Relations Reconciling Politics and Religion in Indonesia,” Al-Tahrir 18, no. 2 (2018): 371-394.
Http://pkssalatiga.com/seputar-pks/akhiri-kampanye-nasional-di-salatiga-dan-solo-pks- targetkan-jateng-jadi-basis-baru/, Accessed April 10, 2014.
Iswanto, Daniel. Interview, Salatiga, November 5, 2014.
Jahroni, Yairoh. Interview, Salatiga, November 2, 2016.
Khamami, Akhmad Rizqon. “ERDOGAN VERSUS GULEN: Perebutan Pengaruh antara Islam Politik Post-Islamis dengan Islam Kultural Apolitis.” Al-Tahrir, 16, no. 2 (2016): 247-266.
Klinken, Gerry van. “Introduction: Democracy, Markets and The Assertive Middle.” In Gerry van Klinken, Ward Berenscho (eds.). In Search of Middle Indonesia: Middle Classes in Provincial Towns. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2014.
Klinken, Gerry van. Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia: Smal Town Wars. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
Lalenoh, Ebenheser. Interview, Salatiga, July 21, 2015.
Liddert, P. van, O. Verkoren. Small Towns and Beyond: Rural Transformation and Small Urban Centres in Latin America. Amsterdam: Thela Publishers, 1997.
Lubis, Ali Akhbar Abaib Mas Rabbani. “Contestation on Political Space Between Islamism and Islamic Group in Presidential Election 2019.” Al-Tahrir 20, no. 2 (2020): 205- 229.
McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Muller, Dominic M. Islam, Politics and Youth in Malaysia, the Pop-Islamist Reinvention of PAS. London and New York: Routledge, 2014.
Mumford, Lewis. The Culture of Cities. New York: Harcourt, 1938.
Nahari, Latif. Interview, Salatiga, February 6, 2014.
Nashir, Haedar. Islam Syariat: Reproduksi Salafiyah Ideologis di Indonesia. Bandung: Mizan Kerjasama dengan Maarif Institute for Culture and Humanity, 2013.
Nashir, Haedar. Manifestasi Gerakan Tarbiyah: Bagaimana Sikap Muhammadiyah?. Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah, 2007.
Nownes, Anthony J. Interest Groups in American Politics: Pressure and Power. New York, Routledge, 2013.
Parito, Alex Yustinus. Interview, Salatiga, August 1, 2015.
Parito, Petrus Yustinus. Interview, Salatiga, August 1, 2015.
Prakosa, Abel Jatayu. Diskriminasi Rasial di Kota Kolonial Salatiga 1442-1917. Semarang: Sinar Hidoep, 2017.
Rohana, Nono. Wawancara, Warak Salatiga, Sabtu 28 Februari 2014.
Sabine, G.H. A History of Political Thought. New York: Collier Books, 1959.
Sandeen, Ernest R. The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism 1800–1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Saunders, Peter. Social Theory and the Urban Question. London and New York: Routledge, 1989.
Savirani, Amalinda, Aspinall, Edward. “Adversarial Linkages: The Urban Poor and Electoral Politics in Jakarta,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 3 (2017): 3-34.
Schragger, Richard. City Power: Urban Governance in a Global Age. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Singgih, Emmanuel Gerrit. Iman dan Politik dalam Era Reformasi di Indonesia. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2004.
Small, Albion W. “The Meaning of the Social Movement,” American Journal of Sociology 3, no. 3 (1897): 340-354.
Sudirja. Interview, Salatiga, October 11, 2016.
Sugito, Stefanus. Interview, Salatiga, August 2, 2016.
Sukary, Matheus. Interview, Salatiga, August 2, 2015.
Sullivan, Andrew. “Christianity vs Christianism, Love vs Power.” The Atlantic, November 29, 2009.
Sunari, Yusuf. Interview, Salatiga, July 30, 2015.
Suryanto. Interview, Salatiga, Ferbruary 10, 2014.
Suwarno, Fauzi Untung, and Wife, Interview, Salatiga, November 8, 2016.
Syarif, Zainuddin. “Pergeseran Perilaku Politik Kiai dan Santri di Pamekasan Madura,” Al- Tahrir, 16, no. 2 (2016): 293-311.
Tambunan, Elia. “Indonesian Islamism: The War of Islamic Literacy from Millenarism to Radicalism.” Akademika 24, no. 1 (2019):1-38.
Therborn, Goran. Cities of Power: The Urban, The National, The Popular, The Global. London and New York: Verso, 2017.
Tilly, Charles. Contentious Performances. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Tompkins, Joanne Unsettling Space: Contestations in Contemporary Australian Theatre. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Tule, Philipus. “Religious Conflicts and a Culture of Tolerance: Paving the Way for Reconciliation in Indonesia,” Prosiding Simposium Internasional Jurnal ANTROPOLOGI INDONESIA I, Makassar 2000, 518-528.
Wahid, Abdurrahman. “Pengantar Editor: Musuh dalam Selimut.” In Abdurrahman Wahid (ed.). Ilusi Negara Islam: Ekspansi Gerakan Islam Transnasional di Indonesia. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute dan Maarif Institute, 2009.
Zamsiri. Interview, Salatiga 2014, September 12, 2016.
Copyright (c) 2020 Elia Tambunan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Please find the rights and licenses in Al-Tahrir. By submitting the article/manuscript of the article, the author(s) agree with this policy. No specific document sign-off is required.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
2. Author(s)' Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User/Public Rights
Al-Tahrir's spirit is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, Al-Tahrir permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and Al-Tahrir on distributing works in the journal and other media of publications. Unless otherwise stated, the authors are public entities as soon as their articles got published.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights;
- Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- The right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- The right to reproduce the article for own purposes,
- The right to self-archive the article,
- The right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal (Al-Tahrir).
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by more than one author, any authors submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. Al-Tahrir will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. Al-Tahrir will only communicate with the corresponding author.
6. Royalties
Being an open accessed journal and disseminating articles for free under the Creative Commons license term mentioned, author(s) aware that Al-Tahrir entitles the author(s) to no royalties or other fees.
7. Miscellaneous
Al-Tahrir will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed. Al-Tahrir's editors may modify the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers as mentioned in point 3.
