Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam

GENEALOGY OF WASAṬIYYA WITHIN INDONESIAN SOCIETY: The Influence of Sufism in Indonesian Archipelago

Musa Alkadzim — 2023-11-22

This article examines the genealogy of wasaṭiyya Islam in Indonesia. Historical processes of Islamization in the pre-Indonesia context have influenced how the Muslim majority of Indonesia demonstrates its moderate expression from historical periods to contemporary situations. The establishment of the Indonesian state has the heredity derivation from the past Islamization. The role of Sufism in the processes of Islamization is addressed here. Ash’arism or Aswaja paved the theological way for wasaṭiyya by choosing a position of moderation between rationalist and conservative extremist schools of thought. On a deeper level, this article concludes that the Sufi foundations of the early Islamization period are essential for establishing wasaṭiyya in Indonesia. When Pancasila, as the nation-state philosophy, incorporates cultural elements acknowledged by Muslim Ulama, it is evident that any attempt to undermine or pervert wasaṭiyya Islam in Indonesia will finally fail. This research applied qualitative methodology with an exploratory research design. The data were collected using literature studies from books, journals, and related articles.

Religious Moderation of Millennial Generation at Islamic Higher Education in Eastern Indonesia

Barsihannor Zuhri — 2023-11-22

This research examines the religious moderation of the millennial generation in Islamic Higher Education in Eastern Indonesia and identifies the most dominant factors contributing to religious moderation. Cross-Sectional Study (CSS) method measures religious moderation through four pillars at the same time: national commitment, religious tolerance, conflict avoidance (non-violence) and accommodation of local culture. The respondents of this research are millennial generations studying at the Islamic Higher Education in Eastern Indonesia. This research used the Consecutive Sampling with a total sample of 592 people. The research results show that religious moderation among millennial students in Eastern Indonesia is categorized as low concerning national commitment, religious tolerance, avoiding conflict (non-violence), and accommodation of local culture. The most dominant factors influencing the religious moderation of the millennial generation are social media and religious extra-campus curriculum.

UNVEILING THE ESSENCE OF EUROPEAN ISLAM: A Critical Analysis of Abdennour Bidar's Concepts of Self Islam and Islamic Existentialism

Agus Riwanda — 2023-11-22

This article discusses the challenges of European Islam at the intersection of Islamic traditions and modern liberal democratic values and the urgency of bridging the two. European Islam is looking for a common ground that can combine reason and faith in harmony, integrate the values of modernity with the spiritual view of Islam, and identify the challenges and opportunities faced by European Islam in the context of Western liberal society. Bidar, in his contribution to the concept of European Islam, argues that religion is not only about rituals but also about profound spiritual experiences. He proposed the concept of Self Islam, which emphasizes individual freedom, personal responsibility, and spiritual connection with Allah. According to Bidar, individual freedom is the key to spiritual life. In addition, everyone can choose how to practice religion according to his spiritual needs. Bidar proposed Islamic reform, oriented towards the unification of religions and modernity, by prioritizing humanist values and human rights and reforming Islam in the light of modernity. According to him, humans become God's autonomous vicegerent on earth and have the right to manage it freely but responsibly. In addition, in harmony with Kantian, Bidar believes that human immortality can be achieved through piety and good deeds. According to him, humans become God's autonomous vicegerent on earth and have the right to manage it freely but responsibly. In addition, in harmony with Kantian, Bidar believes that human immortality can be achieved through piety and good deeds. According to him, humans become God's autonomous vicegerent on earth and have the right to manage it freely but responsibly. In addition, in harmony with Kantian, Bidar believes that human immortality can be achieved through piety and good deeds.

REPRESENTATION AND CAPABILITIES OF NON-MUSLIM CHINESE WOMEN AS REGIONAL HEADS IN SINGKAWANG CITY: A Siyasah Dusturiyyah Analysis

Ali Akhbar Abaib Mas Rabbani Lubis — 2023-11-22

The phenomenon of non-Muslim Chinese women being elected as regional leaders in Indonesia is considered unusual, especially when elected amid a predominantly Muslim population and the strengthening of Islamist movements in national politics. This article, therefore, analyses the representation and capabilities of non-Muslim Chinese women as regional heads in Singkawang City, Indonesia, from 2017 to 2022. In the Indonesian context, we refer to this case as a “triple minority.” The research used a socio-legal approach involving data condensation, data display, and conclusion/verification stages. The findings of this study indicate that the representation and capabilities of non-Muslim Chinese women as regional heads in Singkawang City from 2017 to 2022 align with the principles of constitutional politics (siyasah dusturiyah) and Indonesian laws. Non-Muslim Chinese women elected as regional heads of Singkawang City, despite being in a Muslim-majority environment, have succeeded in making Singkawang City the top-ranked Tolerant City in Indonesia.

The Polarization of Bondowoso Hadhramis and Their Intra-Ethnic Relations

Moh Syaeful Bahar — 2023-11-30

This article examines polarization within the Hadhrami Arab population in Bondowoso, East Java, especially in light of the rise of the 212 movement and the presidential election in 2019. During this time, the national political climate has become more tense. The issue of religion, which is drawn to political contestation, creates polarization among Muslims, including Arab Muslims. In Bondowoso, the polarization aligns with the different religious understanding backgrounds such as Sunni and Shi’a. Nevertheless, polarization does not lead to social conflicts between them. Departing from this description, this study then focuses on two things. First, it seeks to reveal the views of Hadhrami Arabs on several national issues based on their respective religious backgrounds. Second, this study also reveals Arab intra-ethnic relations with different positions in addressing national issues. This research applied qualitative research with a case study approach to examine this focus. The study found that Arab perceptions of national issues varied according to their religious background. These perceptions correspond to their respective religious understanding. Second, although they differ in political and religious positions, the internal relations among Bondowoso Arabs are running normally without falling into violent conflict.

THE DECLINING ASWAJA THEOLOGY KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION: A Case Study of al-Jam’iyatul Washliyah in Medan City

Maulana Andi Surya — 2023-11-28

Al-Jam’iyatul Washliyah (AW) and Aswaja theology are covered in this article. As a religious institution, AW acknowledges Aswaja’s ideology as the foundation for its mission. To maintain and develop Aswaja theology, AW utilizes educational institutions and recitation of the kitab kuning (yellow book) as a knowledge production for Aswaja theology. A question concerning the state of educational institutions today and the recitation of the Yellow Book at AW in Medan City was posed in order to comprehend the information presented. A case study about AW in Medan City is the qualitative research methodology that is employed. In addition, leaders, religious authorities, educators, and AW-related documents make up the primary data source. According to his research, educational institutions that regularly support Aswaja books undergo internal changes and come to terms with the reality that teachers, or ustadh, are becoming less and less proficient in the classics. Additionally, a number of the study’s leaders—who were specialists in classic literature—passed away, which caused a setback to the kitab kuning study. Thus there was a downturn in the study of the kitab kuning. The results verify the weakening of the apparatus in AW that produces Aswaja theology.

CONSIDERING TOLERANCE EDUCATION BETWEEN RELIGIOUS SECTS: A Case Study of Sunni-Syi'ah Sects in Karang Gayam and Blu'uran Villages of Sampang

Wasik Wasik — 2023-11-30

In Islamic character education, tolerance is one of the values that must be grown as a person's primary virtue or exemplary character. This study aims to determine (1) the concept of tolerance character formation, (2) the process of applying tolerance values, and (3) supporting and inhibiting factors in the formation of tolerance. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach with a case study type. The research results are (1) Forming a community devoted to Allah SWT. based on the al-Quran and Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad and reviving da'wah and ukhuwah Islamiyah in their friendship interactions. (2) Providing understanding through tausiyah or Islamic studies from mu'allim, attending and actively participating in recitation events. (3) The supporting factors are public awareness of religion, support from the local apparatus, and the charismatic kiai. At the same time, the inhibiting factors are the busyness of each resident's work and the fanaticism of the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamaah sect.

FATWA SHEIKH AḤMAD KHAṬĪB AL-MINANGKABĀWĪ (DS 0003 00018): A Jāwī Ulama’s Response to the Heterodoxy of Sufism

Jajang A Rohmana — 2023-11-28

This article discusses the fatwa of a Jāwī or Malay-Indonesian archipelago ulama who taught in Mecca in the early twentieth century, Sheikh Ahmad Khatib Minangkabau (1860-1916). He was issuing fatwa on heterodox sufism in the archipelago. His fatwa is written in a manuscript from Ogan Komering Ilir entitled Fatwa Sheikh Aḥmad Khaṭīb al-Minangkabāwī (DS 0003 00018). The manuscript has been digitized by DREAMSEA in 2019. This manuscript was probably written when he became a lecturer in Mecca between 1887-1914. It contains questions and answers about the existence of the name Muhammad and rūḥ al-quds (holy spirit) in the human heart that commands the body. Using a social history approach, this study shows that the Fatwa manuscript shows the response of Jāwī ulama who were increasingly influenced by the teachings of Islamic reformism. Ahmad Khatib stated that it was impossible for the spirit of Muhammad and rūḥ al-quds to exist in the body. For him, Muhammad is a human being and the holy spirit is Gabriel, an angel. He stated that whoever believes that both Muhammad and Gabriel are in his/her body is wrong and misguided, and if he/she believes that they are eternal, then he/she is a disbeliever. Ahmad Khatib’s fatwa indicate an attempt to purge the heterodoxy of sufism continually by Sunnī ulama in the early twentieth century.

IDEOLOGIZATION OF MBRAKAH IN MAINTAINING INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM: Extracting From Pesantren’s Values and Prophetic Tradition

Rizqa Ahmadi — 2023-11-30

Originally, mbrakah was a practice of food combining or food custom for spiritual purposes. The mbrakah tradition also can be categorized as 'food fashion.' In the global academic discourse, food culture and spirituality are important issues with strong traditional roots in Sufism and prophetic traditions, especially in Sufism. Particularly, mbrakah is even more unique because it is rooted in Sufism traditions and early Islamic norms and has been in dialogue with local wisdom, namely Indonesian Culture and, more specifically, Pesantren culture. One of the oldest Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia. In this article, We conceptualize that the mbrakah tradition does not merely stop as a food-combining tradition only carried out for personal interests. Based on the literature review, we argue that mbrakah can be transformed from theology to food ideology. Although the ideology referred to in the article is not an ideology in a complex sense, it can be a way of thinking and manifested into a movement and shared awareness about the importance of successful food diversification for food security during food problems in Indonesia. Mbrakah is a local culture and holds a religious dimension that many researchers consider, and it has the potential to be highly effective as a transformative movement.