AKAD JUAL BELI DALAM TRADISI PASAR TERAPUNG MASYARAKAT BANJAR
Abstract
Abstract: Traditional trade of Banjar people in the floating market is unique since it is done in the market which is located in the middle of the river. In the transaction at the floating market, sellers and buyers still do sale and purchase agreement in accordance with the provisions of Islamic laws. In fact, the situation and condition at that time did not allow them to make transaction like sale and purchase as usual because the waves of the river could shake their canoes endangering their lives. According to scholars of syafi'iyah, the sale and purchase contract is not valid except with shigat which was pronounced", Meanwhile, according to Imam Malik, buying and selling are lawfully acceptable based on Islamic laws without being pronounced and can be done with understanding each other. Contract of sale can be done by the method of oral or act techniques. It means that oral technique was done by saying “ijab” for the seller and qabul for the buyer, while the method of action, which has been termed as al-mu'athah, is by giving goods intended by the owner based on the running contract of sale without saying ijab and qabul from one or both of them.
الملخص : كانت عادة البيع والشراء للمجتمع " بانجار " في السوق العائم لها خصائصها لأنها كانت في وسط النهر. قام البائع والمشتري في هذا العقد بصيغة الإيجاب والقبول شرعيا كما أوجبه الشريعة الإسلامية، مع أن الظروف حين ذاك لا تسمح وقوع العقد العادي لأن السفن – كأداة مواصلة – تحرّكها أمواج النهر. يرى الشافعية أن عقد البيع لا يصحّ إلا بلفظ الإيجاب والقبول يقوله الطرفان ( البائع والمشترى)، لكنّ الإمام مالكا يرى أنه يصحّ العقد عن طريق التفاهم ( دون تلفظ الإيجاب والقبول). ويمكن أن يكون عقد البيع والشراء عن طريق اللسان والفعل. أما العقد عن طريق اللسان فيقول البائع صيغة " الإيجاب " ويكون " القبول " من المشتري. أما عن طريق " الفعل " فيكون " بالمعاطاة " أي سلّم كل من الطرفين المبيع دون أن يتلفّظ كل منهما أو واحد منها لفظ الإيجاب والقبول.
Abstrak: Tradisi jual beli masyarakat Banjar di Pasar Terapung memiliki keunikan tersendiri karena dilakukan di pasar yang terletak di tengah-tengah sungai. Dalam transaksi di Pasar Terapung tersebut, penjual dan pembeli tetap melakukan akad jual beli (ijab qabul) sesuai dengan ketentuan hukum Islam, padahal sebenarnya situasi dan kondisi ketika itu tidak memungkinkan untuk transaksi jual beli biasa karena sampan yang mereka gunakan sebagai alat transportasi tersebut digoncang oleh ombak sungai. Menurut ulama syafi’iyah, “Tidak sah akad jual beli kecuali dengan shighat (ijab qabul) yang diucapkan”. Sedangkan menurut Imam Malik, “Jual beli itu telah sah dan dapat dilakukan secara dipahami saja (tanpa diucapkan)”. Akad jual-beli dapat dilakukan dengan metode ucapan lisan dan metode perbuatan. Metode ucapan lisan yaitu dengan adanya ucapan ijab dari penjual dan qabul dari pembeli. Sedangkan metode perbuatan (yang diistilahkan dengan al-mu'athah) yaitu dengan saling menyerahkan barang yang dimaksudkan oleh masing-masing dari pelaku akad jual beli, tanpa adanya ucapan ijab atau qabul dari keduanya, atau dari salah satunya.
Keywords: akad jual beli, tradisi, masyarakat Banjar, pasar terapung
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