ISLAM, KEARIFAN LOKAL, DAN KONTEKSTUALISASI PENDIDIKAN: Kelenturan, Signifikansi, dan Implikasi Edukatifnya
Abstract
Abstract: Islam will be existing forever to interact with dynamic social-culture of human life because of its flexibility. The Islamic shari’a is capable to respond any problems in social life. In line with syari’a flexibility there was Jamal al-Banna> who determined customs and traditions as the fourth base of Islamic shari’a. The customs were what was planted in the collective memory of the community: perceived well by common sense, accepted by human instinct and insight, and related to the pattern of life. The essential position of customs was reflected in determining the law. Thus, the relation of the texts and reality including the customs was in the form of dialogues-dialectics. Islamization process showed a high appreciation to local tradition. Uka Tjandrasasmita considered that cultural acculturation in Indonesia could be viewed from it’s Islamization process, like strategy done by the Nine Saints (Wali Songo) in spreading Islam. This strategy was reimplemented through educational system in many Islamic Traditional Institutions (pesantren), including Pesantren Tegalrejo Magelang. This pesantren has chosen to utilize local culture, i.e. Javanese popular art (jatilan), to embrace the irreligious society (the secularized-traditionalist abangan).
الملخص: سيبقى الإسلام ويسير جدليا بدينامية المجتمع والثقافة في حياة الانسان لأن من خصائص الشريعة الإسلامية هي المرونة التي تجعلها قادرا على إجابة المسائل المستجدّة المختلفة لتطوّر المجتمع مع عدم فقدان الهوية. وفقا بمرونة الشريعة الإسلامية قرّر جمال البنا العادة أو العرف أساسا رابعا للشريعة. والعرف كلّ ما يلتصق بالوعي الجماعي ويقوّم إيجابيا ونافعا ويقبله العقل السليم وهو يتعلق بشؤون الحياة الإجتماعية. كانت العادة على هذا البيان هي العرف الحسن المحتاج إليه لتقوية الإتحاد الإجتماعي. بهذه العلّة يذهب بعض الفقهاء إلى قبول العادة بحريّتها على شرط عدم تناقضها بمنطوق النصّ. منذ البداية تشيرعملية الأسلمة إلى كون التقدير الكبير والاعتبار بحسن العرف المحليّ كما أكّدته فكرة أندسة الإسلام التي تدعو إلى أهمية التوفيق والتنسيق بين الإسلام والعادة المحلّية. قال جاندرا ساسميتا إن تثاقف الثقافة في إندونسيا يمكن أن يحلّل من عملية الأسلمة كما فعلها الأولياء التسعة. هم واعيون تماما أنّ قبل مجيء الإسلام كان السكّان المحلّيون لهم العادة والثقافة المحتاجة لاستمرار الحياة والتناسق والتكيّف بالبيئة. وحقيقة أن ما سلك عليه الأولياء التسعة مطبّق في كثير من البسنترينات ومنها بسنترين تجالريجا ماجيلانج الذي اختارانتفاع الثقافة المحلّية (جاتيلان) لاعتناق مجتمع المسلمين الخافضين في التمسّك بالإسلام (أباعان).
Abstrak: Secara normatif Islam terus eksis karena kelenturan syariatnya yang mampu merespon perkembangan sosial. Gagasan tentang kelenturan syariat Islam telah disuarakan banyak pemikir Muslim kontemporer. Di antaranya adalah Jama>l al-Banna> yang menetapkan kebiasaan (‘urf atau a>dah) sebagai dasar keempat syariat. Kebiasaan dimaknai sebagai apa yang melekat dalam ingatan kolektif masyarakat, dinilai baik oleh akal budi, diterima oleh naluri manusia, dan berkaitan dengan pola kehidupannya. Kebiasaan yang diakui berguna untuk menguatkan kohesi sosial dan mengurai masalah bersama disebut kearifan lokal. Kedudukan penting kebiasaan tercermin dalam salah satu kaidah hukum Islam yang populer, al-Ādah Muh}akkamah (kebiasaan adalah dasar penetapan hukum). Oleh sebab itu, para ahli fikih menerima kebiasaan dengan segala kebebasannya selama tidak bertentangan dengan teks. Dengan demikian, relasi teks dengan realitas, termasuk di dalamnya kebiasaan, bersifat dialogis-dialektis. Semenjak awal, proses Islamisasi memang menunjukkan apresiasi yang tinggi terhadap kearifan tradisi/budaya lokal. Uka Tjandrasasmita menilai akulturasi kebudayaan di Nusantara dapat dilihat pada proses Islamisasinya, seperti dijalankan para Wali Songo. Pola dakwah Wali Songo ternyata diejawantahkan ulang melalui sistem pendidikan di banyak pesantren, antara lain Pesantren Tegalrejo yang memilih untuk menggunakan kebudayaan lokal berupa kesenian populer Jawa untuk merangkul kaum abangan.
Keywords: Kelenturan Islam, akulturasi, kearifan lokal, kontekstualisasi pendidikan
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