Kepemimpinan Kharismatis-Transformatif Tuan Guru Dalam Perubahan Sosial Masyarakat Sasak-Lombok Melalui Pendidikan
Abstract
Abstract: This article studies about social change of Lombok Moslems under Tuan Guru’s Leadership. Here, Tuan Guru won’t be studied personally but focused on rationale, forms, sources of influence and leadership type of Tuan Guru in social change of Moslem Lombok community. Term of Tuan Guru derives from Tuan (al ha>jj) dan guru (teacher), but not all of al ha>jj and teachers are called Tuan Guru for a main reason that Tuan Guru is a name for someone which is obtained from social legitimation and based on his knowledge and behaviour. Tuan Guru is sometimes called as Kyai, but not all of Kyais are Tuan Guru. This article showed that social changes done by Tuan Guru since there’s a gap between ideal and behavioral pattern among Lombok Moslem community, evolutif and planned form of change through educating society, Tuan Guru’s sources of influence consist of positional and personal power where Tuan Guru is regarded as waratsatu al-anbiya>’i and the legitimated interpreter or custodian of islamic teaching. What is said and done by Tuan Guru will be referrence of Lombok Moslems and the last is charismatic-transformative leadership type of Tuan Guru consists of idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individual consideration and inspirational motivation.
الملخص: درست هذه المقالة التغيّر الإجتماعي في المجتمع اللومبوكي تحت رياسة توان غورو. ولا تدرس هذه المقالة توان غورو كفرد وإنما تركّز في الحجة والشكل ومصدر الـتأثير ونمط رياسته في تغيّر المجتمع اللومبوكي المسلم. وأصل مصطلح توان غورو من كلمة tuan (الحاجّ) و guru) (مدرّس) ، ولكن ليس كل حاجّ يدرّس هو توان غورو. لأن هذا المصطلح من اعتراف المجتمع على أساس العلم وصلاح سلوك الشخص وأدبه. وتوان غورو كذلك هو kyai ولكن ليس كل كياهي هو توان غورو.ودلت نتائج هذا البحث على أن الحجة الدافعة لقيام توان غورو بهذا التغيير الإجتماعي هو وجود الفجوة بين النمط المثالي والنمط السلوكي في وسط المجتمع ، وهذا التغيّر في شكل التغيّر المبرمج بتربية المجتمع ، ومصدر التأثير لتوان غورو كعنصر التغيير يشتمل على مكانة القوّة الموضعية والقوّة الفردية وهو أن المجتمع اعتبر توان غورو كورثة الأنبياء والمترجم المعترف والمحافظ على الدين حتّى تكون أقواله وأفعاله مرجعا للمجتمع اللومبوكي. ونمط رياسته الكاريزمية والتحويلية التي تشمل التأثير المثالي والتحفيز الفكري والإعتبارات أو النظريّات الفرديّة و الدوافع الملهمة.
Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji tentang perubahan sosial masyarakat Lombok di bawah kepemimpinan Tuan Guru. Dalam tulisan ini, Tuan Guru tidak dikaji secara personal tetapi difokuskan pada alasan, bentuk, sumber pengaruh serta tipologi kepemimpinannya dalam perubahan sosial masyarakat muslim Lombok. Istilah Tuan Guru berasal dari kata Tuan (haji) dan guru (mengajar), namun tidak semua haji yang mengajar adalah Tuan Guru, karena alasan utama sebutan Tuan Guru adalah pengakuan masyarakat berdasarkan ilmu serta perilaku seseorang. Tuan Guru juga adalah Kyai, namun tidak semua Kyai adalah Tuan Guru. Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa alasan perubahan sosial yang dilakukan Tuan Guru adalah karena terdapat kesenjangan antara ideal pattern and behavioral pattern di tengah masyarakat, bentuk perubahan evolutif dan terencana dengan mendidik masyarakat, sumber pengaruh Tuan Guru sebagai agent of social change meliputi positional power dan personal power yaitu Tuan Guru dianggap sebagai waratsatu al-anbiya>’i sekaligus sebagai penafsir legitimate bahkan penjaga (custodian) ajaran agama. Sehingga apa yang difatwakan/dilakukannya dijadikan mara>ji’ oleh Muslim Lombok serta tipologi kepemimpinan kharismatis-transformatif Tuan Guru yang meliputi idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individual consideration dan inspirational motivation.
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