Shīʿa Literature in Indonesia: A Historical Account
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21154/altahrir.v25i1.9770Keywords:
Shīʿa Literature; Islamic Intellectual History; Indonesia; Sunni-Shīʿa RelationsAbstract
This study aims to trace the development and characteristics of various shīʿa literature in Indonesia from a historical perspective. This study uses library research, which allows for integrative and connective tracing of various literature as the primary source of data, which is analyzed through a descriptive approach considering historical dimensions. The findings reveal that the existence and development of shīʿa literature in Indonesia are not merely a historical reflection of the diversity of Islamic sects, but also a manifestation of intellectual dynamics that continue to transform within local and global contexts. The shīʿa tradition, which the majority has long overshadowed, has played a vital role in shaping Islamic discourse in Indonesia through institutional contributions, such as educational foundations, publishing, and academic networks spread across various Islamic universities. Amidst stereotypes and narrative challenges, this development reflects an epistemological openness among Indonesian Muslims who are slowly beginning to recognize the importance of inter-sectarian interaction in building a more comprehensive Islamic intellectual horizon. However, limited access to shīʿa literary archives, the dominance of publishing biases, and the lack of representation in mainstream academic discourse serve as reminders that the process of scholarly integration still requires sustainable and inclusive strategies.
Downloads
References
A. Hasjmi, and Zainuddin. Syiah Dan Ahlussunnah; Saling Rebut Pengaruh Dan Kekuasaan Sejak Awal Sejarah Islam Di Kepulauan Nusantara. Surabaya: PT. Bina Ilmu, 1983.
Ahmad Amin. Fajr Al-Isla>m. Beirut: Dar-Kitab Al-‘Arabi, 1969.
Ahmad Bin Ya’qub. Târîkh Al-Ya’qûbî. Libanon: Muassasah ‘Ilmi, 1998.
Ahmad Shubhi. Nazdariyyah Al-Imâmah. Kairo: Dar-Nadhoh Al-‘Arabiyyah, 1991.
Ahmad Wa’ili. Identitas Syiah. Lembaga Internasional Ahlul Bait, 2012.
Almascaty, Hilmy Bakar. “Relasi Persia Dan Nusantara Pada Awal Islamisasi: Sebuah Kajian Awal Pengaruh Persia Dalam Politik Aceh.” Media Syari’ah: Wahana Kajian Hukum Islam Dan Pranata Sosial 15, no. 1 (2013): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.22373/jms.v15i1.1764.
Apridar, Apridar, Abidin Nurdin, and Muhammad Abubakar. “Syiah Di Aceh: Studi Tentang Pengaruh Syiah Dalam Tradisi Keislaman-Kelilmuan Dan Pemetaan Gerakan Sosial Keagamaan.” Jurnal Konfrontasi, no. 2 (2016): 106–26.
Asghari, SeyedAmirHossein. “Sufism in the Contemporary Shii Seminary?” Religions 14, no. 10 (2023): 1248. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14101248.
Asy-Syahrastani. Al Milal Wa Anihal, Terj. Asywadie Syukur. Surabaya: Bina Ilmu, 2005.
Brunner, Rainer, and Werner Ende. The Twelver Shia in Modern Times: Religious Culture and Political History. Vol. 72. Bonton: Brill, 2001.
Bustamam-Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman. “FROM POWER TO CULTURAL LANDSCAPES: Rewriting History of Shi‘ah in Aceh.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 11, no. 2 (2017): 509–30. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2017.11.2.509-530.
Daneshgar, Majid. “Persianate Aspects of the Malay-Indonesian World: Some Rare Manuscripts in the Leiden University Library.” Digital Archive of Brief Notes & Iran Review 8 (2021): 51–78.
Deeb, Marius. “Shia Movements in Lebanon: Their Formation, Ideology, Social Basis, and Links with Iran and Syria.” Third World Quarterly 10, no. 2 (1988): 683–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436598808420077.
Dewi, Resti Novita, Deni Maulana, and Oznur Tasdoken. “Shia Is One Of the Sects in Islam.” Al-Mubin: Islamic Scientific Journal 7, no. 2 (2024): 100–112. https://doi.org/10.51192/almubin.v7i2.756.
Fakhriati, Fakhriati. “Refleksi Pengamalan Tasawuf Di Aceh Pada Abad Ke-19M Dalam Kitab Dia’ul Wara’.” Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan 12, no. 2 (2014): 319–44. https://doi.org/10.31291/jlk.v12i2.38.
Hadar, Husein Ja’far Al. “Sunni-Syiah Di Indonesia: Jejak Dan Peluang Rekonsiliasi.” Jurnal Maarif 10, no. 2 (2015): 106–29.
Hasan Ibrahim. Târîkh Al-Islâm. Kairo: T.P, 1957.
Hasyim Farghal. ‘Awâmil Wa Ahdâf Nasy’Ah Ilm Al-Kalâm. Beirut: Dar Al-Afaq Al-‘Arabiyyah, 2013.
Hasyim, Moh. “Shia: Its History and Development In Indonesia.” Analisa Journal of Social Science and Religion 19, no. 2 (2012): 147–58. https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v19i2.162.
Heriyanto, Husain. “The Role and Contribution of Iranian Scholars to the Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Indonesia from the Past to the Present.” The Civilisational and Cultural Heritage of Iran and the Malay World: A Cultural Discourse, Edited by Syed Farid Alatas and Abdolreza Alami, 2018, 39–57.
Ibn Nadim. Al-Fihrist Li Ibn Al-Nadim. Kairo: Mathba’ah Ar-Rahmaniyah, 1990.
Ibnu Khaldun. Târîkh Ibn Khaldûn. Bairut: Dar-Fikr, 1988.
Ida, Rachmah. “Cyberculture and Sectarianism in Indonesia: The Rise of Shia Media and Anti-Shia Online Movements.” Jurnal Komunikasi Islam 6, no. 2 (2016): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.15642/jki.2016.6.2.1-19.
Iqbal, Muhammad. “Perspektif Syiah Imamiyah Tentang Dimensi Tauhid.” Islamijah: Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (2020): 162–76. https://doi.org/10.30821/islamijah.v1i2.7226.
Iqbal, Muhammad, and Ja’far Ja’far. “Contemporary Development of Qur’anic Exegesis in Indonesia and Iran.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 3, no. 1 (2019): 83–103. https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v3i1.4144.
Isa, Kabiru Haruna. “Sunni Literary Responses to the Spread of Shia Ideology in Northern Nigeria.” Studies In African Languages And Cultures, no. 52 (2018): 113–30. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=841384.
Ja’fari, Sayyid Husayn Muhammad. The Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. Lulu Press, Inc, 2014.
Jamal, Arif A. “Authority and Plurality in Muslim Legal Traditions: The Case of Ismaili Law.” The American Journal of Comparative Law 67, no. 3 (2019): 491–514. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avz023.
Jayana, Thoriq Aziz. “Studi Syiah: Dalam Tinjauan Historis, Teologis, Hingga Analisis Materi Kesyiahan Di Perguruan Tinggi Islam.” Akademika 16, no. 1 (2022): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.30736/adk.v16i1.855.
Kamil Mushtafa Al-Syaiby. Al-Shilah Bayn Al-Tashawwuf Wa Al-Tasyayyu’. Kuwait: Maktabah Ibnu Taimiyyah, 1886.
Karimullah, Suud Sarim. “Shāfi’ī Literature in Indonesia: A Historical Account.” Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 17, no. 1 (2022): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2022.17.1.1-19.
Kholid Muslih, Muhammad. “A Critical Study On Ghaybah Of Imām Mahdi Concept In Shī’ah Imāmiyyah Ithnā ‘Ashariyya.” USHULUDDIN 29, no. 2 (2021): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.24014/jush.v29i2.13981.
Kuzudişli, Bekir. “Sunnī-Shīʿī Interaction in the Early Period–The Transition of the Chains of Ahl Al-Sunna to the Shīʿa–.” Ilahiyat Studies 6, no. 1 (2015): 7–45. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2015.61.122.
Latief, Hilman. “The Identity of Shi ‘a Sympathizers in Contemporary Indonesia.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 2, no. 2 (2008): 300–335. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2008.2.2.300-335.
Lubis, Dahlia, and Syarifah Rahmah. “Education Movement of Shia Group in Contemporary Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 5, no. 2 (2022): 224–49. https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v5i2.9654.
M. Quraish Shihab. Sunnah-Syiah Bergandengan Tangan! Mungkinkah: Kajian Atas Konsep Ajaran Dan Pemikiran. Tangerang: Lentera Hati Group, 2007.
Makin, Al. “Homogenizing Indonesian Islam: Persecution of the Shia Group in Yogyakarta.” Studia Islamika 24, no. 1 (2017): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v24i1.3354.
Miswari, Miswari. “Reconstruction of the History of Hamzah Fansuri’s Life and Recognition of His Works.” Kanz Philosophia: A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism 9, no. 2 (2023): 195–214. https://doi.org/10.20871/kpjipm.v9i2.267.
Muhammad Husain Thabathaba’i. Islam Syiah: Asal-Usul Dan Perkembangannya. Diterjemahkan Dari Syi’ir Islam. Penerjemah: Djohan Effendi. Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti, 1989.
Naubakhti. Firoq Al-Syî’ah. Beirut: Mansyuraat Al-Ridha, 1998.
Rād, Alī. “Orientalists and the Evolution of Shī ‘a Exegesis Hermeneutic: A Case Study of Todd Lawson.” Classical and Contemporary Islamic Studies (Formerly Known as Journal of Contemporary Islamic Studies) 2, no. 1 (2020): 105–24. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.27834808.2020.2.1.7.8.
Rokhmad, Abu. “The Sunni-Shia Conflict in Madura Indonesia: Judging Individual Faith as Blasphemy.” Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities 27, no. 2 (2019).
Saat, Norshahril. “‘Deviant’Muslims: The Plight of Shias in Contemporary Malaysia.” Religious Diversity in Muslim-Majority States in Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict, 2014, 359–78.
Siradj, Said Agil. “The Sunni-Shi’ah Conflict and the Search for Peace in Indonesia.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 7, no. 1 (2013): 145–64. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2013.7.1.145-164.
Sofjan, Dicky. “Minoritization & Criminalization of Shia Islam in Indonesia.” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 39, no. 2 (2016): 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2016.0002.
Sultan, Haseena, Tajwar Ali, and Tahira Ali. “Sectarianism Begets Diversity; A Study on the Sectoral Divides in Islam in the Middle East.” Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 12, no. 2 (2024): 1462–73. https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2024.v12i2.2244.
Tabataba’i, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn, Jassim M Hussaini, and Abdulaziz A Sachedina. Messianism and the Mahdi. Expectation of the Millennium: Shi’ism in History. Albany, NY: Suny Press, 1989.
Vaezi, Ahmad. Shia Political Thought. London: Islamic Centre of England London, 2004.
Zain, Labibah, Ahmad Anwar, Ida Nor’aini Hadna, and Ilma Nabilla Ashfia Hannum. “The Implementation of Digital Humanities in the State Islamic University Libraries in Indonesia.” Khizanah Al-Hikmah: Jurnal Ilmu Perpustakaan, Informasi, Dan Kearsipan 12, no. 1 (2024): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.24252/kah.v12i1a4.
Zulkifli, Zulkifli. “What Drives Anti-Shia Framing in Indonesia?” Studia Islamika 31, no. 1 (2024): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v31i1.27713.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Suud Sarim Karimullah, Muh. Safrani Hidayatullah, Rina Septiani

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Please find the rights and licenses in Al-Tahrir. By submitting the article/manuscript of the article, the author(s) agree with this policy. No specific document sign-off is required.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
2. Author(s)' Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User/Public Rights
Al-Tahrir's spirit is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, Al-Tahrir permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and Al-Tahrir on distributing works in the journal and other media of publications. Unless otherwise stated, the authors are public entities as soon as their articles got published.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights;
- Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- The right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- The right to reproduce the article for own purposes,
- The right to self-archive the article,
- The right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal (Al-Tahrir).
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by more than one author, any authors submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. Al-Tahrir will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. Al-Tahrir will only communicate with the corresponding author.
6. Royalties
Being an open accessed journal and disseminating articles for free under the Creative Commons license term mentioned, author(s) aware that Al-Tahrir entitles the author(s) to no royalties or other fees.
7. Miscellaneous
Al-Tahrir will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed. Al-Tahrir's editors may modify the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers as mentioned in point 3.