PELARANGAN MUTLAK KHITAN PEREMPUAN BERTENTANGAN DENGAN SYARIAT? (TINJAUAN ATAS FATWA MUI PERSPEKTIF MAQĀṢID AL-SYARĪ”˜AH)
Keywords:
Khitan Perempuan, Syariat, Fatwa MUIAbstract
ABSTRACT
Talking about religious guidelines in Indonesia will not be separated from discussing the fatwa of the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI). The religious fatwas produced by this organization often become references for Muslim communities in their daily lives. This article focuses on the MUI's fatwa on female circumcision, especially its statement that the absolute prohibition of female circumcision is contrary to Islamic law. According to MUI, female circumcision is part of the propagation of Islamic teachings. The research is studied through a qualitative approach using Jasser Auda's maqÄá¹£id al-sharÄ«'ah theory in formulating fatwas. The findings of this research reveal that many Muslim scholars and other authoritative fatwa institutions, both in Indonesia and the world, do not hesitate to prohibit female circumcision. Their opinion is not only based on medical advice that prohibits and states the absence of benefits from female circumcision but also based on and inspired by the purpose of Shari'ah, maqÄá¹£id al-syarÄ«'ah. This study reveals that MUI's claim that the absolute prohibition of female circumcision is not in line with the Sharia, carries consequences that are not light.
References
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______. al-Talkhīṣ al-Ḥabīr. Kairo: Dar Adhwa al-Salaf, 2007.
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. Syifia al-GhalÄ«l. Baghdad: Mathaba’ah al-Irsyad, 1971.
Al-Jauziyah, Ibn Qayyim. I”˜lÄm al-Muwaqqi”˜Ä«n ”˜an Rabbi al-”˜Ä€lamÄ«n. Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr, 2002.
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Al-Nawawi, Abu Zakariya. al-MajmÅ«”˜ Syarḥ al-Muhażżab. Kairo: Idarah al-Tiba”˜ah al-Muniriyah, 1928.
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Al-Qarafi, Shihab al-Din. AnwÄr al-BurÅ«q fÄ« AnwÄ’ al-FurÅ«q. Kairo: Dar Alam al-Kutub, t.t.
Al-Qurá¹Å«bÄ«, Abu ”˜Abdullah. al-JÄmi”˜ li AḥkÄm al-Qur’Än. Kairo: DÄr al-Kutub al-Miá¹£riyyah, 1964.
Al-Razi, Fakhruddin. MafÄtÄ«h al-Gaib. Beirut: DÄr IḥyÄ’ al-Turaṡ al-”˜ArabÄ«, 2000.
Al-Shan’ani, Abdurrazzaq. TafsÄ«r ”˜Abd al-RazzÄq. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1998.
Al-Shan’ani, Muhammad Ibn Isma’il. al-TanwÄ«r Syarḥ al-JÄmi”˜ al-á¹¢agÄ«r. Riyadh: Maktabah Dar al-Islam, 2011.
Al-Sijistani, Abu Dawud. Sunan Abu Daud. Beirut: al-Maktabah al-”˜Ashriyah, t.t.
Al-Suyuti, Jalaluddin. al-AsybÄh wa al-NaẓĒir. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1983.
Al-Syafi’i, Muhammad Ibn Idris. Al-”˜Umm. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1983.
Al-Syatibi, Abu Ishaq. al-MuwÄfaqÄt fÄ« Uṣūl al-SyarÄ«”˜ah. Madinah: Dar Ibn ”˜Affan, 1997.
Al-Syaukani, Muhammad. Nayl al-Auá¹Är. Mesir: Dar al-Hadis, 1993.
______. Fatḥ al-Qadīr. Beirut: Dar Ibn Katsir, 1994.
Al-Ṭabari, Ibn Jarir. JÄmi”˜ al-BayÄn ”˜an Ta’wÄ«l Äy al-Qur’Än. Mesir: DÄr al-Ma”˜Ärif, 1967.
Aminah, Siti, Alisa Putri Utari, Siti Maisyarah, dan Al-Hijrin. “Women and Sexual Violence: A Study of Khitan Tradition in West Nusa Tenggara.” Atlantis Press: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 649, (2022): 166-175. DOI 10.2991/assehr.k.220304.024
Auda, Jasser. Maqasid al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law. London: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2008.
Azizah, Aisyatul. “Status Hukum Khitan Perempuan (Perdebatan Pandangan Ulama dan Permenkes RI No.1636/MENKES/PER/XI/2010)”. MusÄwa 19, no. 2 (2020): 173-186. https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2020.192.173-186.
Barr, Ibn ”˜Abdil. al-TamhÄ«d. Maroko: Kementerian Wakaf dan Agama Islam, 1967.
Dar al-Ifta. Ḥukm KhitÄn al-InÄṡ fi al-Syari’at al-IslÄmiyyah. Fatawa Dar al-Ifta al-Miá¹£riyyah No. 5832, 2021. https://shorturl.at/nBJV8 (diakses Jumat, 10 Mei 2024, 10.26 WIB)
Hartono, Rudi, dan Wulan Febriani. “Interpretation of Islamic Law Regarding Female Circumcision in Indonesia: Fatwa Analysis and Ulama Opinions”. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Law 3, no. 2 (2020): 74-90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35719/ijil.v3i2.2037.
Ibn ”˜Abidin, Muhammad. Nasyr al-”˜Urf fÄ« BinÄ’ Ba”˜á¸ al-AḥkÄm ”˜ala al-”˜Urf. Istanbul: Dar Sa’adat, 1907.
Ibn ”˜AsyÅ«r, Muhammad al-Tahir. al-TaḥrÄ«r wa al-TanwÄ«r. Tunis: al-DÄr al-TÅ«nisiyah li al-Nasyr, 1984.
Ibn al-Mulaqqin, Sirajuddin. Al-Badr al-MunÄ«r fI TakhrÄ«j al-Ḥadīṡ wa al-AṡÄr al-WÄqi”˜ah fÄ« Syarḥ al-KabÄ«r. Riyadh: Dar al-Hijrah, 2004.
Ibn Katsir. TafsÄ«r al-Qur’Än al-”˜Aẓīm. Beirut: DÄr al-Kutub al-”˜Ilmiyah, 1998.
Ibn Qudamah. Al-Mugnī. Kairo: al-Maktabah al-Qahirah, 1969.
Jaya, Vimala Asty F.T., Yanghee Kim dan Minah Kang. “Cutting through complexity: An intersectional analysis of female genital cutting in Indonesia.” Women's Studies International Forum 104, (2024): 102906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2024.102906.
Jum’ah, Ali. al-BayÄn li MÄ Yusygil al-AżhÄn. Kairo: al-Muqaththam li al-Nasyr wa al-Tauzi', 2009.
Kodir, Faqihuddin Abdul. Perempuan (Bukan) Sumber Fitnah! Mengaji Ulang Hadis dengan Metode Mubadalah. Bandung: Afkaruna, 2023.
KUPI. Hasil Musyawarah Keagamaan KUPI ke-2 No. 08/MK-KUPI-2/XI/2022 tentang Perlindungan Perempuan dari Pemotongan dan Pelukaan Genitalia Perempuan (P2GP) yang Membahayakan Tanpa Alasan Medis. Semarang & Jepara: Kongres Ulama Perempuan Indonesia, 2022.
Masitoh, Siti, dan Muhaemin. “Tradisi Khifadh Perempuan Suku Sasak Perspektif Hukum Islam”. Journal of Islamic Civilization 3, no. 2 (2021):107-21. https://doi.org/10.33086/jic.v3i2.2392.
Menkes RI. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pencabutan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 1636/Menkes/Per/Xii/2010 Tentang Sunat Perempuan. 2024.
Muhammad, Husein. Fiqh Perempuan: Refleksi Kiai atas Tafsir Wacana Agama dan Gender. Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD, 2021.
MUI. Fatwa MUI No. 9A Tahun 2008 Tentang Hukum Pelarangan Khitan Terhadap Perempuan. Jakarta: Komisi Fatwa MUI, 2008.
Mulia, Musdah. “Sunat Perempuan dalam Perspektif Islam”. Jurnal Perempuan, 2014. https://www.jurnalperempuan.org/blog/sunat-perempuandalam-perspektif-islam (diakses Senin, 6 Mei 2024, 11.20 WIB)
Mundzir, Ilham dan Yulianti Muthmainnah. “The progressiveness of Quranic interpretation in the fatwa of Muhammadiyah on female circumcision.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 12, no. 2 (2022): 285-311. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v12i2.285-311
Perlis. Mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Perlis Kali Ke-29 tentang Hukum Khitan Anak Perempuan. Perlis: Jabatan Mufti Negeri Perlis, 2017. https://muftiperlis.gov.my/index.php/himpunan-fatwa-negeri/136-hukum-khitan-anak-perempuan
Pratiwi, Anizar Ayu, dan Zharin Zhafrael Mohamed. “Epistimology of the 2022 Indonesian Women's Ulama Congress (KUPI) on the Prohibition of the Practice of Female Circumcision from the Perspective of Hakiki Justice”. SMART: Journal of Sharia, Tradition, and Modernity 4, no. 1 (2024): 16-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/smart.v4i1.20528.
Putranto, Hendar. “Criticizing Female Genital Mutilation Practice from Feminist Standpoint Theory: A View from Communication Science Perspective”. Humaniora 34, no. 2 (2022): 95-107. https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.68097
Rahmani, Deden Ilham, dan Neni Zakiyah. “Analisis Hukum Islam terhadap Tradisi Makkatte Khitan Anak Perempuan Bugis.” BUSTANUL FUQAHA: Jurnal Bidang Hukum Islam 4, no. 3 (2023): 517-531. https://doi.org/10.36701/bustanul.v4i3.1076
Sabiq, Sayyid. Fiqh al-Sunnah. Kairo: Dar al-Fikr, 1977.
Saenong, Faried F. Khitan Perempuan: Sunnah atau Kekerasan Seksual(?). Tabloid Sehat. Jakarta: P3M, 1996.
Sakka, Abdul Rahman. “Kritik Sanad Hadis Khitan terhadap Perempuan Sebagai Kehormatan”. NUKHBATUL ”˜ULUM: Jurnal Bidang Kajian Islam 7, no. 1 (2021): 99-118. https://doi.org/10.36701/%20/nukhbah.v7i1.324
Sariyah, Nurun, Abdul Aziz, Aspandi Aspandi, dan Ahmad Fathan Aniq. “Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) for The Harmony of Sexual Relationship by Islamic Law Perspective”. Tribakti: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman 34, no. 1 (2023): 33-46. https://doi.org/10.33367/tribakti.v34i1.3208.
Setiati, Atu, Aziz Muslim, dan Farhana Sabri. “The Polemic of Female Circumcision in Garut West Java Indonesia: Clash of Culture and Regional Policy.” Fikri: Jurnal Kajian Agama, Sosial Dan Budaya 8, no. 1 (2023): 69”“81. https://doi.org/10.25217/jf.v8i1.2672
Shihab, M. Quraish. “Hidup Bersama Al-Qur’an, Ep 60: Sunat Perempuan”. Kanal Youtube Semua Murid Semua Guru, 2019. https://youtu.be/4ZjtIeugNRo?si=JyJV89czoCnJcBUI (diakses Jumat, 10 Mei 2024, 10.11 WIB).
Sholeh, Asrorun Ni’am. Fatwa MUI tentang Khitan Perempuan. Ahkam 12, no. 2 (2012): 35-45. DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v12i2.964
Syaltut, Mahmud. al-FatÄwÄ: DirÄsah li MusykilÄh al-Muslim al-Mu”˜Äá¹£ir fÄ« ḤayÄtihi al-Yaumiyyah wa al-”˜Ä€mmah. Kairo: Dar al-Syuruq, 2001.
UNICEF. Al-Manẓūr al-IslÄmÄ« li-ḤimÄyat al-Aá¹fÄl min al-”˜Unf wa al-MumÄrasÄt al-ḌÄrra. Cairo: al-Azhar University, 2016.
WHO. “Female genital mutilation.” WHO Newsroom, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation (diakses Selasa, 7 Mei 2024, 10.16 WIB).
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