Tanah Ulayat Adat Perspektif Hukum Positif dan Hukum Islam
Abstract
Tanah merupakan bagian dari kehidupan manusia. Hal ini telah berlaku turun temurun dalam sejarah peradaban mereka. Berkaitan dengan hal itu, kepemilikan maupun penguasaan terhadapnya menjadi persoalan yang penting. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengelaborasi status dan kedudukan tanah ulayat adat dalam perspektif hukum positif di Indonesia maupun hukum islam. Melalui metode library research dengan pendekatan studi komparatif antara kedua bentuk hukum tersebut, dapat dideskripsikan hasilnya bahwa tanah ulayat adat perspektif hukum positif merupakan bagian daripada tanah yang pengaturannya berkaitan erat dengan keberadaan masyarakat adat. Adapun statusnya berkaitan dengan masyarakat adat, mereka memegang kepemilikan secara kolektif kolegial, dimana masing-masing individu memiliki andil dalam kepemilikannya sepanjang dan sesuai dengan peraturan adat setempat. Sementara itu dalam hukum islam, hak ulayat identik dengan semacam hak yang dimiliki oleh mereka dalam hal memanfaatkan tanah-tanah yang tidak bertuan, baik erat kaitannya dengan ihjarul mubahat maupun iḥyā’ al-mawāt. Hanya saja, hak tersebut tidak berkaitan erat dengan masyarakat adat, melainkan dengan kondisi tanah itu sendiri yang tidak memiliki tuan. Persamaan dari kepemilikan hak terhadap tanah ulayat adat maupun ihjarul mubahat dan iḥyā’ al-mawāt terbatas pada kepemilikan untuk memanfaatkan, bukan sebagai objek yang diperjualbelikan.
Soil is a part of human life. This has been true for generations in the history of their civilization. In this regard, ownership and control over it becomes an important issue. This paper tries to elaborate on the status and position of customary land in the perspective of positive law in Indonesia and Islamic law. Through the library research method with a comparative study approach between the two legal forms, the results can be described that customary customary land from a positive legal perspective is part of land whose regulation is closely related to the existence of indigenous peoples. As for their status with regard to indigenous peoples, they hold collegial collective ownership, where each individual has a share in their ownership as long as and in accordance with local customary regulations. Meanwhile in Islamic law, ulayat rights are identical to the kind of rights they have in terms of utilizing land that is not owned by any owner, both closely related to ihjarul mubahat and iḥyā' al-mawāt. However, these rights are not closely related to indigenous peoples, but to the condition of the land itself which does not have a master. The equality of ownership of rights to customary ulayat land as well as ihjarul mubahat and iḥyā' al-mawāt is limited to ownership for use, not as objects to be traded.
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