Apakah Ayat Nāsikh Lebih Menjamin Keadilan Gender Ketimbang Ayat Mansūkh?
Pendekatan Uṣūl Fiqh dan Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah terhadap QS al-Baqarah (2): 234 dan 240
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21154/ijougs.v6i1.11628Keywords:
naskh, keadilan gender, usul al-fiqh, maqāṣid al-sharī‘ahAbstract
AbstrakPenelitian ini mengkaji ulang hubungan antara QS. Al-Baqarah: 234 dan QS. Al-Baqarah: 240 dalam konteks teori nasakh-mansukh. Mayoritas ulama klasik menyatakan bahwa QS. 2:240 telah dimansukh oleh QS. 2:234, karena adanya perbedaan dalam penetapan masa ‘iddah bagi perempuan yang ditinggal wafat suaminya. Namun demikian, ayat 240 secara substantif justru menawarkan perlindungan lebih besar bagi perempuan melalui anjuran pemberian nafkah dan tempat tinggal selama satu tahun. Dari perspektif keadilan gender, ayat ini lebih berpihak kepada perempuan dibanding ayat 234 yang hanya menetapkan masa tunggu empat bulan sepuluh hari tanpa jaminan nafkah. Fakhruddin al-Rāzī dalam tafsir Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb menolak anggapan adanya nasakh antara dua ayat tersebut dan memilih pendekatan harmonisasi hukum. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya pendekatan usul fikih yang responsif terhadap maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah dan keadilan sosial, guna mengkaji ulang klaim nasakh dan mempertimbangkan maslahat kelompok rentan dalam konstruksi hukum Islam.
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