Political Dialectic and Islamic Education Policy: A Study on The Dynamics of Regulation and Autonomy of Islamic Universities in Indonesia

Zeni Murtafiati Mizani; Sabarudin; Ahmad  Arifi

doi:10.21154/muslimheritage.v11i1.13132

Authors

Zeni Murtafiati Mizani UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
Sabarudin Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
Ahmad Arifi Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21154/muslimheritage.v11i1.13132

Keywords:

Islamic Education Policy, Higher Education Policy, PTKIN, PTKIS, Integration of Knowledge

Abstract

The transformation of Islamic Religious Higher Education Institutions (PTKI) in Indonesia highlights ongoing tensions between state regulation and academic autonomy at both PTKIN and PTKIS. This study analyzes how state regulations influence PTKI/PTKIS autonomy, explores the politics of knowledge in scientific integration, identifies autonomy imbalances, and proposes a dialectical framework for educational governance. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research examines policy documents and institutional practices through the perspectives of Michel Foucault, Antonio Gramsci, and Jürgen Habermas. Key findings include: (1) state regulation systematically shapes and restricts PTKI/PTKIS autonomy, particularly in curriculum and academic standards; (2) scientific integration emerges from negotiations between policy and institutional response; (3) autonomy imbalances exist between PTKIN and PTKIS, especially regarding resources and governance; and (4) the interplay of politics, regulation, and autonomy forms a dynamic dialectic, positioning autonomy as negotiated rather than absolute. This study’s novelty lies in its integrated analysis of regulation, institutional practice, and epistemic construction, and its proposal for a deliberative, collaborative governance model to promote more equitable and adaptive Islamic higher education.

Abstract

Transformasi Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam (PTKI) di Indonesia menunjukkan ketegangan antara regulasi negara dan otonomi akademik, baik pada PTKIN maupun PTKIS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika regulasi negara terhadap otonomi PTKI/PTKIS, mengkaji politik pengetahuan dalam integrasi keilmuan, mengungkap ketimpangan otonomi, serta merumuskan pola dialektika sebagai dasar pengembangan tata kelola pendidikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus melalui analisis dokumen kebijakan dan praktik kelembagaan, dengan kerangka analisis Michel Foucault, Antonio Gramsci, dan Jürgen Habermas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: pertama, regulasi negara secara sistemik membentuk sekaligus membatasi otonomi PTKI/PTKIS, termasuk dalam kurikulum dan standar akademik; kedua, integrasi keilmuan berkembang sebagai hasil negosiasi antara kebijakan dan respons institusi; ketiga, terdapat ketimpangan otonomi antara PTKIN dan PTKIS, terutama dalam sumber daya dan tata kelola; keempat, relasi politik, regulasi, dan otonomi membentuk dialektika dinamis yang menempatkan otonomi sebagai hasil negosiasi, bukan kebebasan absolut. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi analisis regulasi, praktik kelembagaan, dan konstruksi epistemik secara simultan, serta tawaran model tata kelola kolaboratif berbasis deliberatif untuk memperkuat pendidikan tinggi Islam yang lebih adil dan adaptif.

Keywords: Islamic Education Policy; Higher Education Policy; PTKIN; PTKIS; Integration of Knowledge

References

Abdullah, M. A. Islam as a Cultural Discourse: Integration-Interconnection of Science and Religion. UIN Sunan Kalijaga Press; Yogyakarta:, 2012.

Abdullah, M. Amin. Islamic studies dalam paradigma integrasi-interkoneksi: sebuah antologi. Suka Press, 2007.

Abdullah, Muhammad Amin. “Islamic Studies in Higher Education in Indonesia: Challenges, Impact and Prospects for the World Community.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 55, no. 2 (2017): 391–426. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2017.552.391-426.

Adv, Kompas. “Capaian Direktorat PTKI 2024, Akreditasi Unggul Hingga Internasionalisasi PTKIN.” Advertorial, 17 Desember 2024. https://adv.kompas.id/baca/capaian-direktorat-ptki-2024-akreditasi-unggul-hingga-internasionalisasi-ptkin/.

Afrizal, Afrizal. “Perkembangan Perguruan Tinggi Islam di Indonesia (Kasus STAIN, IAIN, UIN Dan Perguruan Tinggi Islam).” Berkala Ilmiah Pendidikan 2, no. 1 (2022): 18–32. https://doi.org/10.51214/bip.v2i1.378.

Aliyah, H., dan dkk. Implementation of Islamic Higher Education Development Management in Indonesia. (https://doi.org/10.31851/jmksp.v8i1.10952), 2023. https://jurnal.univpgri-palembang.ac.id/index.php/JMKSP/article/view/10952.

Amiruddin, Amiruddin. “DINAMIKA LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN TINGGI ISLAM DI INDONESIA.” MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 41, no. 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v41i1.314.

An, Kwan-Su, dan Eun-Young Lee. “A Study on the University Restructuring Policy in Convergence Society: from the Perspective of Habermas’s Communicative Action.” Journal of Digital Convergence 13, no. 8 (2015): 439–47. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2015.13.8.439.

Arifin, N. Higher Education Policy Analysis: the Transformation of IAIN to UIN for the Period 2002-2017 in the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. 2021. https://ojs.pps-ibrahimy.ac.id/index.php/jpii/article/view/288.

Azra, Azyumard. Pendidikan Islam Tradisi dan Modernisasi Menuju Milenium Baru. PT Logos Wacana llmu, 2000.

Azra, Azyumardi. Pendidikan Islam: Tradisi dan Modernisasi di tengah Tantangan Milenium III. Prenada Media, 2019.

Ball, Stephen J. The education debate (Third Edition). REV-Revised, 3. Bristol University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t893tk.

Boni, Alejandra, dan Diana Velasco. “Epistemic Capabilities and Epistemic Injustice: What Is the Role of Higher Education in Fostering Epistemic Contributions of Marginalized Knowledge Producers?” Global Justice : Theory Practice Rhetoric 12, no. 01 (2020): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.21248/gjn.12.01.228.

Bowen, Glenn A. “Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method.” Qualitative Research Journal 9, no. 2 (2009): 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.

Brennan, John. “Burton Clark’s The Higher Education System: Academic Organization in Cross-National Perspective.” London Review of Education 8 (Januari 2010): 229–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14748460.2010.515122.

Bukhori, K. A., Kun Budianto, Erniwati Erniwati, dan Moh Faizal. “Religious Authority and Political Dynamics: The Influence of Fatwa Issuance by Religious Institutions on Political Discourses in Indonesia.” Muslim Heritage 10, no. 2 (2025): 251–66. https://doi.org/10.21154/muslimheritage.v10i2.11784.

Clark, Burton R. The Higher Education System: Academic Organization in Cross-National Perspective. University of California Press, 1986.

Database Peraturan | JDIH BPK. “KEPPRES No. 50 Tahun 2004.” 2004. http://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/55642/keppres-no-50-tahun-2004.

Database Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Indonesia - [PERATURAN.GO.ID]. “KEPPRES No. 11 Tahun 1997 Tentang Pendirian Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri.” 1997. https://peraturan.go.id/id/keppres-no-11-tahun-1997.

Database Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Indonesia - [PERATURAN.GO.ID]. “PERPRES No. 27 Tahun 1963 Tentang Pembentukan Institut Agama Islam Negeri.” Diakses 19 November 2025. https://peraturan.go.id/id/perpres-no-27-tahun-1963.

Daulay, H. Haidar Putra. Pendidikan Islam dalam sistem pendidikan nasional di Indonesia. Kencana, 2014. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=YdxDDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA2&dq=Putra+Daulay,+%E2%80%9CHaidar.+Pendidikan+Islam+Dalam+Sistem+Pendidikan+Nasional+Di+Indonesia&ots=hz6p_prM1T&sig=UQWT0SJ320DZCxLmCoftRtVZgH8.

Daun, Holger, dan Reza Arjmand. “Handbook of Islamic Education | Springer Nature Link.” 2017. https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-53620-0.

Daun, Holger, dan Reza Arjmand. “Handbook of Islamic Education | Springer Nature Link (formerly SpringerLink).” 2018. https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-64683-1.

Duarte, Nelson, dan Ricardo Vardasca. “Literature Review of Accreditation Systems in Higher Education.” Education Sciences 13, no. 6 (2023): 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060582.

Effendy, Bahtiar. Islam dan Negara; Transformasi Gagasan dan Praktik Politik Islam di Indonesia. 2009.

Fadjar, A. Malik. “Reorientasi Pendidikan Islam.” Fajar Dunia, 1999. https://lib.umpr.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=3815.

Fitriyawany, dan dkk. Integrating Islamic Values into Science Learning in Indonesian Islamic Higher Education: Expectation and Implementation. (UIN Raden Intan Lampung), advance online publication, 2022. https://doi.org/10.24042/tadris.v7i1.10802.

Foucault, Michel. Power/Knowledge : Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. With Internet Archive. Brighton, Sussex : Harvester Press, 1980. http://archive.org/details/powerknowledgese0000fouc_v9d7.

Foucoult, Michel. “Discipline and Punish : The Birth of the Prison.” Universitas Indonesia Library, Vintage Books, l979. https://lib.ui.ac.id.

Fricker, Miranda, dan Miranda Fricker. Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Oxford University Press, 2009.

Gramsci, A. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Lawrence & Wishart, 1971.

Gumanti, Miswan, Iis Maisaroh, Andi Warisno, An An Andari, dan M. Afif Anshori. “Development of Islamic Higher Education in Indonesia.” JMKSP (Jurnal Manajemen, Kepemimpinan, Dan Supervisi Pendidikan) 8, no. 1 (2023): 237–52. https://doi.org/10.31851/jmksp.v8i1.11079.

Habermas, Jürgen. The Theory of Communicative Action. With Internet Archive. Boston : Beacon Press, 1984. http://archive.org/details/theoryofcommunic01habe.

Hasibuan, Ahmad Ibrahim, Hasan Asari, dan Neliwati Neliwati. “Development of Quality and Integrity Islamic Higher Education in North Sumatra in KOPERTAIS IX.” QALAMUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, Dan Agama 15, no. 2 (2023): 581–90. https://doi.org/10.37680/qalamuna.v15i2.2777.

Hayadin, Hayadin, Khoirun Niam, Munawiroh, dan Ronald Lukens-Bull. “Contemporary Changes in Islamic Higher Education in Indonesia: Dynamic Encounter Between Modernisation and Tradition.” Journal of Al-Tamaddun 20, no. 1 (2025): 189–200. https://doi.org/10.22452/JAT.vol20no1.14.

Hefner, Robert W. “Making Modern Muslims: The Politics of Islamic Education in Southeast Asia – UH Press.” Diakses 12 Januari 2026. https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/making-modern-muslims-the-politics-of-islamic-education-in-southeast-asia/.

Holub, Renate. Review of Review of Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks, oleh Antonio Gramsci dan Derek Boothman. Italica 73, no. 3 (1996): 453–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/479844.

Homo Academicus | Stanford University Press. 1988. https://www.sup.org/books/sociology/homo-academicus.

Husain, Saddam, dan Andi Eki Dwi Wahyuni. “KEBIJAKAN PENDIDIKAN PADA PERGURUAN TINGGI ISLAM: TRANFORMASI STAIN DAN IAIN MENJADI UIN.” Jurnal Pendidikan Kreatif 4, no. 1 (2023): 15–30. https://doi.org/10.24252/jpk.v4i1.39074.

Iswantir, Muhammad. “AZYUMARDI AZRA THINKING ABOUT PARADIGM SCIENTIFIC AND INSTITUTIONALAND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY (UIN) SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA.” Proceedings PAnTUM KUIS Selangor 1, no. 1 (2017): 58–71.

Jabali, Fuad, dan Jamhari. IAIN dan Modernisasi di Indonesia. Logos, 2002.

“KEPPRES No. 31 Tahun 2002.” 2002. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/56649/keppres-no-31-tahun-2002.

Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Islam Tentang Tugas dan Fungsi Koordinatorat Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Swasta, NOMOR 7341 (2019).

Khalilah, Khalilah. “Readiness and Challenges of Indonesian Health Higher Education Independent Accreditation Institutions.” Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam 7, no. 2 (2023): 451–62. https://doi.org/10.33650/al-tanzim.v7i2.5013.

Kim, Jonghun. “Why do teachers not change while the national curriculum repeatedly changes?: The ‘Hidden’ resistance of teachers in the centralized system of education in South Korea.” International Journal of Educational Development 109 (September 2024): 103105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2024.103105.

Kontributor, Istimewa, dan Moh Khoeron. “Moderasi Beragama: Pilar Kebangsaan dan Keberagaman.” Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia, 10 April 2023. https://kemenag.go.id/kolom/moderasi-beragama-pilar-kebangsaan-dan-keberagaman-MVUb9.

Kosa, Hikmah Akmelia, dan Irawan Irawan. “Integrasi Ilmu Dan Agama Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga.” Educompassion: Jurnal Integrasi Pendidikan Islam Dan Global 2, no. 1 (2025): 143–50. https://doi.org/10.63142/educompassion.v2i1.148.

Latief, Hilman. The Masyumi Networks and the Proliferation of Islamic Higher Education in Indonesia (1945–1965). 10 November 2022. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-bja10043.

Lortan, Darren Brendan, dan Savathrie Maistry. “Epistemic Injustice: Barrier to Articulation Management between Higher Education Institutions in South Africa.” International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research 2018 (Mei 2018): 283–98.

Mahoney, James. “Explaining Institutional Change.” Cambridge University Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511806414.

Maimunah, Iffat, Miftahul Huda, Arina Haque, dan Zubaidah Zubaidah. “Islamic Boarding School at University: A Strong Pathway for Integrating Religion and Science.” J-PAI: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam 8, no. 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.18860/jpai.v8i1.15361.

Mataram, Humas UIN. “REKTOR SIAPKAN AGENDA STRATEGIS KOPERTAIS WILAYAH XIV.” UIN Mataram, 5 Maret 2020. https://uinmataram.ac.id/rektor-siapkan-agenda-strategis-kopertais-wilayah-xiv/.

Miftah, Muhammad. “Islamic Education Politics Ambiguity of Policy Intepretation in Islamic Religious College: Between Negotiation and Institutional Authority.” Addin 13, no. 2 (2019): 369–400. https://doi.org/10.21043/addin.v13i2.7003.

Muaz, Nanat Fatah Natsir, dan Erni Haryanti. “PARADIGMA INTEGRASI ILMU PERSPEKTIF POHON ILMU UIN MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM MALANG.” Al-Afkar, Journal For Islamic Studies, 14 Februari 2022, 302–19. https://doi.org/10.31943/afkarjournal.v5i1.221.

Muhlisin, Muhlisin, Nur Kholis, dan Juwita Rini. “Navigating the Nexus: Government Policies in Cultivating Religious Moderation Within State Islamic Higher Education.” QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 11, no. 1 (2023): 207–46. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v11i1.12677.

Mujiburrahman, Zulfatmi, Sabirin, Husnul Khatimah, dan Faisal Bin Husen Ismail. “Reformulation of Competency Development of Lecturers of State Islamic Religious Universities in Indonesia after COVID-19.” Asian Journal of University Education 18, no. 1 (2022): 15–33.

Musthofa, Musthofa, Lulu Nisa, dan Yuyun Affandi. “Quality Assurance in Education: Readiness of Islamic Higher Education to Face the New Accreditation Model in Indonesia.” Conf. paper presented pada Proceedings of the First International Conference on Islamic History and Civilization, ICON-ISHIC 2020, 14 October, Semarang, Indonesia. 14 Januari 2021. https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.14-10-2020.2303847.

Muthohirin, Nafik, Ahmad Amir Aziz, Choirul Mahfud, Fahrudin Mukhlis, dan Rosyidatul Hikmawati. “Islamic Sciences in Transition: Post-Reformation Developments in Indonesia’s State Islamic Universities.” Ulumuna 29, no. 1 (2025): 429–60. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v29i1.849.

Natsir, Ahmad, Didin Wahyudin, Hafidh Aziz, dan Hasbulloh Nadaraning. “Between Islamic and Western Education: The Educational Dichotomy in ‘Abd al-Raḥmān al-Naḥlāwī’s Thought.” Muslim Heritage 10, no. 2 (2025): 225–50. https://doi.org/10.21154/muslimheritage.v10i2.11704.

Nawawi, Ahmad Nawawi Ahmad, Farhad Muhammad Farhad Muhammad, dan Kusaeri Kusaeri. “REKONSTRUKSI ANDRAGOGI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN TRANSFORMATIF MEZIROW.” Muslim Heritage 9, no. 1 (2024): 19–43. https://doi.org/10.21154/muslimheritage.v9i1.7994.

Nugraha, Mulyawan Safwandy, Dadang Sahroni, dan Aeni Latifah. “Private Islamic Higher Education in Asean Economic Community (AEC) Era.” Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 2, no. 3 (2016): 393–412. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v2i3.853.

Nurdiyanti, Yanti. “Otonomi Pembiayaan Dalam Mencapai Mutu Pendidikan Pada Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Swasta (Ptkis) Di Jawa Barat: Penelitian Di Universitas Islam Bandung, Institut Agama Islam Darussalam Ciamis Dan STAI Persis Bandung.” Doctoral, UIN SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI BANDUNG, 2024. https://doi.org/10/8.%252520Daftar%252520Pustaka.pdf.

PP No. Il (1960).

Purwanti, Eko. “Preparing the Implementation of Merdeka Belajar – Kampus Merdeka Policy in Higher Education Institutions.” 21 Januari 2021, 384–91. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210120.149.

Romanowski, Michael H. “Controlling higher education from a distance: using foucault’s governmentality to better understand accreditation.” Cogent Education 9, no. 1 (2022): 2073631. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2073631.

Rosyad, Ali Miftakhu. “The IMPLEMENTASI NILAI-NILAI MULTIKULTURALISME MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM (THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTICULTURALISM VALUES THROUGH LEARNING OF ISLAMIC RELIGION EDUCATION): multicultural education and learning of islamic religious education.” Risâlah Jurnal Pendidikan dan Studi Islam 5, no. 1, March (2019): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.31943/jurnal_risalah.v5i1.90.

Routledge & CRC Press. “Official Knowledge: Democratic Education in a Conservative Age.” Diakses 12 Januari 2026. https://www.routledge.com/Official-Knowledge-Democratic-Education-in-a-Conservative-Age/Apple/p/book/9780415892179.

Rusdiana, A. AKUNTABILITAS PERGURUAN TINGGI ISLAM SWASTA. t.t.

Salman, Ibnu. “PERAN KOPERTAIS IX DALAM PEMBINAAN MUTU PERGURUAN TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM DI SUMATERA UTARA: THE ROLE OF KOPERTAIS REGION IX IN THE QUALITY DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN NORTH SUMATERA.” Penamas 27, no. 1 (2014): 79–94.

Saputra, Adi. “MENJEMBATANI DIKOTOMI ILMU AGAMA DAN ILMU UMUM (KAJIAN ATAS PEMIKIRAN INTEGRATIF M. AMIN ABDULLAH).” IMTIYAZ: Jurnal Ilmu Keislaman 9, no. 4 (2025): 999–1009.

“Sejarah.” Universitas Islam Indonesia, t.t. Diakses 27 April 2026. https://www.uii.ac.id/profil/sejarah/.

Senellart, Michel, François Ewald, dan Alessandro Fontana, ed. Security, Territory, Population. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230245075.

“STRATEGI PENINGKATAN MUTU PERGURUAN TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM SWASTA (PTAIS) DI LINGKUNGAN KOPERTAIS WILAYAH X JAWA TENGAH (Dalam Perspektif Stakeholders) | At-Taqaddum.” Diakses 21 November 2025. https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/attaqaddum/article/view/1207.

Sumarto. “PERKEMBANGAN POLITIK DAN KEBIJAKAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA.” Thaqafiyyat : Jurnal Bahasa, Peradaban Dan Informasi Islam 18, no. 1 (2017): 107–27.

Suprayogo, Imam. Paradigma Pengembangan Keilmuan Islam Perspektif UIN Malang. UIN Malang Press, 2006.

Tinggi, Koordinatorat Pergu Ruan. KEPUTUSAN MENTERI AGAMA REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 155 TAHUN 2OO4 TENTANG KOORDINATORAT PERGU RUAN TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM SWASTA. t.t.

“UIN dan Modernisasi Kajian Islam.” Diakses 20 November 2025. https://pbi.ftk.uin-alauddin.ac.id/artikel-56-uin-dan-modernisasi-kajian-islam.

Ummah, Sun Choirol. “Paradigma Keilmuan Islam Di Perguruan Tinggi.” Humanika: Kajian Ilmiah Mata Kuliah Umum 19, no. 2 (2019): 100–120. https://doi.org/10.21831/hum.v19i2.30300.

Utami, Yeri, dan Yunanto Andang Tri. “Muhammadiyah And Islamic Education Reform.” JURNAL PEDAGOGY 18, no. 1 (2025): 53–63. https://doi.org/10.63889/pedagogy.v18i1.313.

Visi dan Misi – Badan Akreditasi Nasional Perguruan Tinggi. t.t. Diakses 27 April 2026. https://www.banpt.or.id/visi-dan-misi/.

Weber, Max. Economy and Society: A New Translation. Harvard University Press, 2019. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv24trdzh.

Yamin, Mohamad, Nanat Fatah Natsir, dan Erni Haryanti. Jaring Laba-Laba, Interaksi-Interkoneksi Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta | JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan. 2022. http://jiip.stkipyapisdompu.ac.id/jiip/index.php/JIIP/article/view/413.

Yunus, Mahmudi. Sejarah Pendidikan di Indonesia. Mutiara Sumberwidya, 1992.

Zainiyati, Husniyatus Salamah. “Landasan Fondasional Integrasi Keilmuan di UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang dan UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya | Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman.” Diakses 14 April 2026. https://islamica.uinsa.ac.id/index.php/islamica/article/view/262.

Zaki, Muhammad, Muhammad Solihin, dan Ana Rosyidatu Umatin. “Implementasi Manajemen Kualitas Pada Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Swasta Dalam Perspektif.” SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-i 9, no. 5 (2022): 1699–708. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v9i5.28066.

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim. “Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal Criticism.” Cambridge University Press, 2012. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/muhammad-qasim-zaman-modern-islamic-thought-in-a-radical-age-religious-authority-and-internal-criticism-new-york-cambridge-university-press-2012-x-363-pages-acknowledgements-note-on-transliteration-map-bibliography-index-cloth-us9400-isbn-9781107096455-paper-us3099-isbn-9781107422254/F5474F8E7FD36C9D780F6A24808F4A01.

Zukin, Sharon. Review of Review of Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison., oleh Michel Foucault dan Alan Sheridan. Contemporary Sociology 25, no. 4 (1996): 463–463. https://doi.org/10.2307/2077073.