Relasi Islam dan Politik dalam Sejarah Politik Aceh Abad 16-17
Abstract
Abstract: This article is aimed at examining the relation between Islam and politics in Aceh in 16-17 Centuries. In this age, Aceh had reached its golden era not only in aspects of science and knowledge, but also in political affairs. That is why this study was focused on observing the kinds of aspects which had made Islam and state unified in this period. Historically, there were many dynamical political changes in history of Aceh. Through socio-historical approach, the author investigated the phases of political history in Aceh. It can be said that there were many historical evidences in the experience of Aceh when positioning Islam in political arena. This was based not only on the history of Islamic kingdoms (Aceh Darussalam), but also on kitabs (books) produced by Acehnese ‘ulama that explained the system of ruling in the goverment. This study could be an example of relation between Islam and state in Southeast; there was no neparation between state and religion. This historical facts ended when the invanders (colonialist) came from Europe to introduce the concept of nation-state.
الملخص : يهدف هذا البحث المتواضع إلى القيام ببيان تطور العلاقة بين الإسلام والسياسة في القرنين 17-16 من الميلاد في أتشيه. وكانت أتشيه أنذاك – تاريخيّا - قد بلغت شهرتها في مجالات شتى لا سيما بتقدمها العلمي بالإضافة إلى المجال السياسي. هنا سيحلّل الباحث خلال تناوله لهذه الدراسة الأجواء التى تقوم وراء الارتباط الوثيق بين الإسلام والسياسة في ذلك العهد المتميز. نعم, ثمّة كثير من التغيّرات والتحوّلات للأوضاع السياسية في تاريخ أتشيه حسب ما اطّلع عليه الباحث من كتب التاريخ. انطلاقا من النظرية المعرفية الإجتماعية والتاريخية, يسعى بها الباحث إلي معرفة تلك المراحل العريقة التي شهدها التاريخ ويسير شعب أتشيه على نهجها. والحديث عنها يستند إلى أدلة حاسمة تاريخية تبرهن عند التحقق بمدى تعامل الإسلام بالسياسة. وهذه البراهن كانت واضحة وضوح الشمس في رابعة النهار من خلال اكتشاف الباحث على تاريخ مملكة أتشيه دار السلام، وفي هذا الإطار وجد عند تأمله الدقيق لبعض الكتب المؤلفة من قبل علمائها في هذين القرنين العظيمين تعبر أثناء تعرضهم حول الفكر السياسي وتكاملها وتطابقها بالدين. هذه الدراسة تظهر قوة التفاعل بين الإسلام والسياسة في جنوب شرق آسيا من غير تفرّق ولا تمزّق، حيث لا يعرف شعبها وحكّامها الفصل بين شؤون الدولة وأمور الدين. ولكن مع الأسف الشديد، انتهى هذا الاندماج بعد ظهور الاستعمار الأوروبي ويعرّف علي أبناء المستعمرين نظام دولة وألقى من خلاله جذور حملة فصل الدين عن الدولة.
Abstrak: Artikel ini berusaha menjelaskan tentang hubungan Islam dan politik di Aceh pada abad ke 16-17 M. Pada masa tersebut, Aceh mencapai masa kejayaaan tidak hanya dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan, tetapi juga dalam bidang politik. Karena itu, kajian ini ingin melihat aspek apa saja yang menyebabkan hubungan Islam dan negara dapat menyatu pada masa tersebut. Sejarah historis, ada beberapa perubahan dinamika politik di dalam sejarah Aceh. Melalui pendekatan sosial-sejarah, pengkaji menelaah fase-safe di dalam sejarah politik di Aceh. Dapat dikatakan bahwa ada beberapa bukti sejarah tentang pengalaman Aceh ketika memposisikan Islam dalam kancah politik. Hal ini dibuktikan bukan hanya dari sisi sejarah kerajaan Aceh Darussalam, tetapi juga dari beberapa kitab yang dihasilkan oleh para ‘ulama Aceh yang menjelaskan tentang sistem pemerintahan. Kajian ini menjadi salah satu bukti kuat bagaimana praktik Islam dan negara di Asia Tenggara, yaitu tidak ada ada pemisahan antara urusan negara dan agama. Kenyataan sejarah ini berakhir ketika para penjajah dari Eropaa datang memperkenalkan sistem negara-bangsa.
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