Ortodoksi - Heterodoksi Wacana Keagamaan dalam Islam: Sebuah Realitas Perennial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21154/altahrir.v17i1.882Keywords:
ortodoksi, heterodoksi, wacana keagamaan, realitas perennialAbstract
Abstract: This article discusses the emergence, development, and sustainability of heterodoxy-ortodoxy claims in the religious discourse in the Islamic world. In addition, the claims of heterodoxy ”“ ortodoxy existed since the emergence of Islamic religious discourse itself until now, through many studies, i.e. Qur’anic interpretation (Tafsir), Theology (Kalam), Mysticism (Tasawuf), Islamic Law (Fiqh), etc. The claims occured because of standardization of the various religious discourses. The existence of various religious discourses is caused by the differences of interpretation. The differences of interpretation is caused by the differences of presupposition, episteme ,even conflict of interest between two or more groups. In the standardization process involves authorities using a certain religious discourse as the basis of their argument. In this perspective, Foucault’s theory called with the relationship between power and discourse/knowledge. He clarify that discourse/knowledge is an instrument to dominate others. Futhermore, he said that if there is a domination, it will arise a resistence. On the other hand, so that, the discourse of ortodoxy always deals with the discourse of heterodoxy. The discourse of heterodoxy that is supported by the authorities and is followed by the majority of people will become the new ortodoxy. Morover, the new ortodoxy also emerges the new heterodoxy, and so-on.
الملخص: تناولت هذه المقالة عن نشأة وتطور واستدامة مطالبة الأرثوذكسية والهيتروذكسية ÙÙ‰ الخطاب الديني ÙÙ‰ العالم الإسلامي. ويمكن العرض باختصار أن مطالبة الأرثوذكسية والهيتروذكسية ظهرت ÙÙ‰ الإسلام متزامنا مع ظهور الخطاب الديني Øتى الآن سواء كان ÙÙ‰ مجال التÙسير أوعلم الكلام او التصو٠أو الÙقه أو غيرها من المجالات الدينية. وكان ظهور مطالبة الأرثوذكسية والهيتروذكسية لا يخلو من التقييس تجاه تنوع الخطاب الديني الناتج عن الاختلا٠ÙÙ‰ التÙسير. ومن المعرو٠أن الاختلا٠ÙÙ‰ التÙسير ناتج عن الاختلا٠ÙÙ‰ المÙاهيم القبلية والابستمية او Øتى تضاربت Ø§Ù„Ù…ØµØ§Ù„Ø Ø¨ÙŠÙ† الÙريقين أو أكثر. ÙˆÙÙ‰ خلال عملية التقييس قد ÙŠØدث إشراك السلطات باستخدام بعض النصوص الدينية أساسا للØجة. هذا ما يسميه Ùوكو بعلاقة السلطة-الخطاب أو المعرÙØ©. وأكد Ùوكو أن علاقة السلطة-المعرÙØ© قد تكون أداة للسيطرة على الطر٠الآخر. Ùبالتالي Øيثما تمكّنت السلطة ظهرت المقاومة. ÙÙÙŠ هذا الØال تكون الأرثوذكسية دائما مقابلة للهيتروذكسية. وقد يتØول ما يعتبره الناس من الهيتروذكسية إلى الأرثوذكسية لقوة دعم السلطة وأغلبية المجتمع ÙأصبØت أرثوذكسية جديدة. ومن هذه الأرثوذكسية الجديدة ستجلب بالتأكيد المزيد من الهيتروذكسية الجديدة، وهلم جرا.
Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas tentang muncul, berkembang, dan keberlangsungan klaim ortodoksi-heterodoksi dalam wacana keagamaan di dunia Islam. Disampaikan secara singkat bahwa klaim ortodoksi-heterodoksi niscaya ada sejak munculnya wacana keagamaan sampai sekarang ini, baik melalui Tafsir, Kalam, Tasawuf, Fiqih, dan lain-lain. Klaim ortodoksi-heterodoksi muncul karena adanya standarisasi dari beragam wacana keagamaan. Adanya beragam wacana keagamaan disebabkan perbedaan penafsiran. Perbedaan penafsiran disebabkan adanya perbedaan prapemahaman, episteme, bahkan konflik kepentingan antara dua pihak atau lebih. Dalam proses standarisasi tersebut akan melibatkan otoritas yang menggunakan wacana keagamaan tertentu sebagai dasar argumentasinya. Dalam kerangka ini Foucault menyebutnya dengan hubungan kekuasaan-wacana/pengetahuan. Dia menegaskan bahwa wacana/pengetahuan bisa menjadi alat untuk menguasai pihak lain. Dan selanjutnya bahwa setiap ada kekuasaan pasti menumbuhkan resistensi. Di sinilah wacana ortodoksi selalu berhadapan dengan wacana heterodoksi. Kadang-kadang bisa juga wacana yang semula ditempatkan sebagai wacana heterodoksi, karena didukung oleh otoritas lalu diikuti oleh mayoritas masyarakat, maka akan menjadi ortodoksi baru. Dan dari ortodoksi baru ini pasti akan memunculkan heterodoksi yang lebih baru lagi, begitu seterusnya.
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