Rekonstruksi Fikih Kelautan Berbasis Antropokosmis: Studi Kasus Reklamasi di Teluk Jakarta
Abstract
Abstract: This article aims to reconstruct the coastal reclamation jurisprudence based on empirical facts in the reclamation project in Jakarta Bay on the basis of the anthropocosmic paradigm. Anthropocosmic in Islam is environmental ethics which holistically emphaeses on the paradigm of the relation between human and the environment. It implies that human is not only as the integral part of environment (fi), but also realizes that he himself has potential brain to manage environment responsibly. The analytical method used is inductive reasoning. Reconstruction of the reclamation jurisprudence on the basis of empirical facts (Jakarta Bay reclamation studies) can be formulated as follows: First, reclamation actors were required to undertake the environmental impact analysis (AMDAL) to ensure scientific impact of the reclamation project; Secondly, the reclamation project policy must be based on analysis of maslahat-mafsadat and as much as possible prior to public interest rather than a particular corporation; Third, the implementation of reclamation must be through licensing procedures to the authorities, in order to avoid social conflicts and policy overlaps. Thus, this anthropocosmic approach is expected to bear to the concept of marine (reclamation) jurisprudence called eco-friendly.
الملخص: تهدف هذه المقالة إلى إعادة بناء فقه الاستصلاح الساحلي استنادا إلى الحقائق التجريبية في مشروع الاستصلاح في خليج جاكرتا على أساس نظرية الأنثروبوكوزمي.الأنثروبوكوزمي في الإسلام هي الأخلاق البيئية التي تركز على نظرية العلاقة بين الإنسان والبيئة بشكل كلي بمعنى أن الإنسان إضافة على كونه جزءا لا ينفك عن البيئة بل عليه أن يدرك أنّ لديه امكانيات عقليات في إدارة الطبيعة بمسؤولية تقع على عاتقه. والطريقة التحليلية التي تستخدم هي الاستدلال الاستقرائي. ويمكن صياغة إعادة بناء الفقه على أساس الحقائق التجريبية (دراسة استصلاح خليج جاكرتا) على النحو التالي: أولا، يتطلب من الجهات الفاعلة في الاستصلاح إجراء اختبار الجدوى البيئية لتقييم الأثر العلمي لمشروع الاستصلاح. وثانيا، يجب أن تستند سياسة مشروع الاستصلاح إلى تحليل المصلحة والمفسدة وإلى أقصى حد ممكن للمصلحة العامة بدلا من مصلحة الشركة المعينة؛ ثالثا، يجب أن يكون تنفيذ الاستصلاح من خلال إجراءات الترخيص للسلطات، وذلك لتجنب الصراعات الاجتماعية وتداخل السياسات. وهكذا، يرجى بنظرية الأنثروبوكوزمي أن تولد منهجا في مفهوم الفقه البحري (فقه الاستصلاح البحري) ينعت بكونه صديقا للبيئة.
Abstrak: Artikel ini bertujuan merekonstruksi fikih reklamasi pantai berdasarkan fakta empiris dalam proyek reklamasi di Teluk Jakarta dengan basis paradigma antropokosmis. Antropokosmis dalam Islam merupakan etika lingkungan yang menitikberatkan pada paradigma relasi manusia dengan lingkungan secara holistik. Artinya, manusia selain merupakan bagian integral dari lingkungan (fi), tetapi ia juga menyadari dirinya memiliki potensi akal untuk mengelola alam secara bertanggung jawab. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah penalaran induktif. Rekonstruksi fikih reklamasi berdasarkan fakta empiris (studi reklamasi Teluk Jakarta) dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut: Pertama, mewajibkan pelaku reklamasi untuk melakukan uji kelayakan Amdal untuk memastikan secara ilmiah dampak dari proyek reklamasi tersebut; Kedua, kebijakan proyek reklamasi harus berdasarkan analisis maslahat-mafsadat dan sebesar-besarnya didahulukan untuk kepentingan publik bukan korporasi tertentu; Ketiga, pelaksanaan reklamasi harus melalui prosedur perizinan kepada pihak pemangku kewenangan, hal ini untuk menghindari adanya konflik sosial dan tumpang-tindihnya kebijakan. Dengan demikian, pendekatan antropokosmis ini diharapkan dapat melahirkan konsep fikih kelautan (reklamasi) yang ramah lingkungan.
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