SOCIAL CAPITAL MANIFESTED IN PESANTREN: The Role and Contribution of Kiai Toward Padepokan Dimas Kanjeng’s Victims
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21154/altahrir.v20i1.1944Keywords:
social capital, pesantren, kyai, social contributionAbstract
Abstract: This research, praxis aims to describe and interpret various roles and social contributions of the kiai to victims of Dimas Kanjeng in Probolinggo. Sociologically, the existence of kiai in the midst of society occupies the most strategic position, even all forms of social action and advice are used as references and legitimacy for various social problems. Therefore, the presence of the kiai is understood as a pioneer of change in both the religious, moral, social and cultural fields of all domestic and social domestication (social and cultural domestication), especially for victims of Dimas Kanjeng. In this context, the existence of the kiai is an important part in providing enlightenment to overcome various problems that are happening, as a form of social change for victims of Dimas Kanjeng. Thus, to interpret and interpret the roles and social actions of the kiai, the researcher uses Pierre Bourdieu's social practice theory, between Habitus x Modal + Domain = Practice, with a qualitative approach and type of case study research. In praxis, this study produced several findings, including; 1) the presence of kiai and pesantren basically cannot be separated from scientific genealogy which is built through the Koran and al-Hadith, as core beliefs and core values, so that it becomes a social capital of the kiai (social capital) to practice social (social practice) and bring about changes in both the religious, moral and social fields, by transmitting universal religious values (kaffah), the view is expected to influence and inspire the thinking and social behavior of the community, especially for victims of Dimas Kanjeng, to shape individual piety and social piety; 2) the kiai's approach to social change, including; cultural approach, through a process of guidance regarding understanding Islamic teachings; a cultural approach, the involvement of the kiai in various socio-religious organizations becomes the main capital to influence the thinking and social behavior of other individuals; 3) various social contributions of the kiai include several aspects; kiai as social change, social cohesion, social harmonization; purification of the soul (tazkiyyat al-nafs) and moral fortifications in maintaining social integrity.
الملخص: يهد٠هذا البØØ« العملي إلى وص٠وتÙسير الأدوار والمساهمات الاجتماعية المختلÙØ© للشيوخ / العلماء لضØايا ديماس كانجينج ÙÙŠ بروبولينجو. من الناØية الاجتماعية ØŒ ÙŠØتل وجود العلماء / الشيخ ÙÙŠ وسط المجتمع المكان الأكثر استراتيجية ØŒ Øتى يتم استخدام جميع أشكال العمل الاجتماعي والمشورة كمراجع وشرعية لمختل٠المشاكل الاجتماعية. لذلك ØŒ ÙŠÙÙهم وجود العلماء / الشيخ على أنه رائد التغيير ÙÙŠ كل من المجالات الدينية والأخلاقية والاجتماعية والثقاÙية لجميع التدجين الاجتماعي والثقاÙÙŠ ØŒ وخاصة بالنسبة لضØايا ديماس كانجينج. ÙÙŠ هذا السياق ØŒ يعد وجود العلماء / الشيخ جزءًا مهمًا ÙÙŠ توÙير التنوير للتغلب على المشكلات المختلÙØ© التي تØدث ØŒ كشكل من أشكال التغيير الاجتماعي لضØايا ديماس كانجينج. وبالتالي ØŒ لتÙسير الأدوار والإجراءات الاجتماعية للعلماء / الشيخ ØŒ يستخدم الباØØ« نظرية الممارسة الاجتماعية لبيير بورديو ØŒ بين habitus x modal + domain = PracticeØŒ مع نهج نوعي ونوع من أبØاث دراسة الØالة. ÙÙŠ الممارسة ØŒ أنتجت هذه الدراسة العديد من النتائج ØŒ بما ÙÙŠ ذلك Ø› 1) لا يمكن Ùصل وجود العلماء والشيوخ والبيزنرة ÙÙŠ الأساس عن علم الأنساب المبني من خلال القرآن والØديث ØŒ كمعتقدات وقيم أساسية ØŒ بØيث ÙŠØµØ¨Ø Ø±Ø£Ø³ المال الاجتماعي للكيي لتنÙيذ الممارسات الاجتماعية وإØداث التغيير ÙÙŠ المجال الديني ØŒ من الناØية الأخلاقية والاجتماعية ØŒ من خلال نقل القيم الدينية العالمية (الكÙØ©) ØŒ من المتوقع أن تكون هذه النظرة قادرة على التأثير وإلهام الÙكر والسلوك الاجتماعي ØŒ وخاصة لضØايا ديماس كانجينج ØŒ لتشكيل التقوى الÙردية والتقوى الاجتماعية Ø› 2) نهج العلماء / الشيخ ÙÙŠ Ø¥Øداث تغييرات اجتماعية ØŒ بما ÙÙŠ ذلك Ø› النهج الثقاÙÙŠ ØŒ من خلال عملية الإرشاد بشأن Ùهم التعاليم الإسلامية Ø› من خلال نهج ثقاÙÙŠ ØŒ ØªØµØ¨Ø Ù…Ø´Ø§Ø±ÙƒØ© الكيان ÙÙŠ مختل٠المنظمات الاجتماعية الدينية هي العاصمة الرئيسية للتأثير على التÙكير والسلوك الاجتماعي للأÙراد الآخرين Ø› 3) تشمل المساهمات الاجتماعية المختلÙØ© للشيوخ عدة جوانب Ø› العلماء / الشيخ كتغيير اجتماعي وتماسك اجتماعي ومواءمة اجتماعية Ø› تطهير Ø§Ù„Ø±ÙˆØ (تزكية النÙس) والتØصينات الأخلاقية ÙÙŠ الØÙاظ على النزاهة الاجتماعية.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini praksis bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menginterpretasikan berbagai peran dan kontribusi sosial kyai kepada para korban Dimas Kanjeng di Probolinggo. Secara sosiologis, keberadaan kiai di tengah-tengah masyarakat menempati posisi paling strategis, bahkan semua bentuk aksi dan saran sosial digunakan sebagai referensi dan legitimasi untuk berbagai masalah sosial. Oleh karena itu, kehadiran kiai dipahami sebagai pelopor perubahan baik dalam bidang agama, moral, sosial dan budaya dari semua domestik dan sosial domestikasi (sosial dan budaya domestikasi), terutama untuk para korban Dimas Kanjeng. Dalam konteks ini, keberadaan kiai merupakan bagian penting dalam memberikan pencerahan untuk mengatasi berbagai masalah yang sedang terjadi, sebagai bentuk perubahan sosial bagi para korban Dimas Kanjeng. Dengan demikian, untuk menafsirkan dan menafsirkan peran dan tindakan sosial kiai, peneliti menggunakan teori praktik sosial Pierre Bourdieu, antara Habitus x Modal + Domain = Praktek, dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Dalam praksis, penelitian ini menghasilkan beberapa temuan, termasuk; 1) kehadiran kyai dan pesantren pada dasarnya tidak dapat dilepaskan dari silsilah ilmiah yang dibangun melalui Alquran dan al-Hadis, sebagai keyakinan inti dan nilai-nilai inti, sehingga menjadi modal sosial kiai (modal sosial) untuk mempraktikkan sosial (praktik sosial) dan membawa perubahan baik dalam bidang agama, moral dan sosial, dengan mentransmisikan nilai-nilai agama universal (kaffah), pandangan ini diharapkan dapat mempengaruhi dan menginspirasi pemikiran dan perilaku sosial masyarakat, terutama bagi para korban Dimas Kanjeng, untuk membentuk kesalehan individu dan kesalehan sosial; 2) pendekatan kiai terhadap perubahan sosial, termasuk; pendekatan budaya, melalui proses bimbingan tentang memahami ajaran Islam; pendekatan budaya, keterlibatan kiai dalam berbagai organisasi sosial keagamaan menjadi modal utama untuk mempengaruhi pemikiran dan perilaku sosial individu lain; 3) berbagai kontribusi sosial kiai mencakup beberapa aspek; kyai sebagai perubahan sosial, kohesi sosial, harmonisasi sosial; pemurnian jiwa (tazkiyyat al-nafs) dan benteng moral dalam menjaga integritas sosial.
Downloads
References
Abbas Langaji, Dinamika Aliran Keagamaan Sempalan Tinjauan Perspektif Sosiologi Agama, Proceedings, Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies AICIS XII, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 2014.
Abdul Djamil, Perlawanan Kiai Desa; Pemikiran dan Gerakan Islam K.H. Rifa’i Kali Salah, Jogjakarta, LKis, 2001.
Abdurrahman Wahid, Pesantren dan Pembaharuan, Jakarta: LP3ES, 1974.
Abdurrahman Wahid, Pesantren sebagai Subkultur, Pesantren dan Pembaharuan, Jakarta: LP3ES , 1974.
Ahmad Siddiq, The Son of The Mosque; Religious Commodification With Social Relationship Between Kyai and Madurese Workers in Malaysia,Yogyakarta, Tesis CRCS UGM, 2008.
Ali Maschan Moesa, Nasionalisme Kiai Konstruksi Sosial Berbasis Agama, Yogyakarta: Lkis, 2007.
Alvesson, Mats dan Kaj Skoldberg, Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research, London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2000.
Anthony Giddens, Central Problem in Social Theoty, Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of Callifornia Press, 1997.
Clifford Geertz, The Javanese Kijaji: The Changing Role of a Cultural Broker, dalam Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 2, No.2, 1960.
Dhofier, Zamakhsyari, Tradisi Pesantren Studi tentang Pandangan Hidup Kyai, Jakarta: LP3ES 1982.
Dirdjosanjoto, Pradjarta, Memelihara Umat: Kiai Pesantren-Kiai Langgar di Jawa, Yogyakarta; LkiS, 1999.
Djamaludin Ancok. Revitalisasi Sumber Daya Manusia dalam Era Perubahan, Kelola: Gadjah Mada University Business Review, No.8, 1995.
Endang Turmudi, Perselingkuhan Kyai dengan Kekuasaan, LKiS: Jogjakarta, 2003.
Gay Hendricks dan Kate Ludeman, The Corporate Mystic: A Guidebook for Visionarities with Their Feet on the Ground, New York: Bantam Books, 1996.
Geertz, Clifford, Abangan, Santri, Priyayi dalam Masyarakat Jawa, Surabaya: Pustaka Jaya, 1989.
Geertz, Clifford, The Javanese Kijaji: The Changing Role of a Cultural Broker, dalam Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 2, No.2, 1960.
Harker, R. dkk, Habitus x Modal +Ranah = Praktik, Pengantara Paling Komprehensif Kepada Pemikiran Pierre Bourdieu, Jogjakarta; Jalasutra, 2009.
Haryatmoko, Menyingkap Kepalsuan Budaya Pengasa, Jakarta: Jurnal Basis, No. 11- 12, 2003.
Hiroko Horikhosi, Kyai dan Perubahan Sosial, Jakarta; P3M, 1987.
Ibnu Qoyim Isma'il, Kiai Penghulu Jawa: Peranannya di Masa Kolonial, Jakarta: Gema Insani Press. 1997.
Imam Bawani, Pola Modernisasi Pesantren di Indonesia dalam Tarekat, Pesantren dan Budaya Lokal, Surabaya: Sunan Ampel Press, 1999.
M. Khanif Dakhiri, Kiai Kampung dan Demokrasi Lokal, Jogjakarta; KLIK. R., 2007
Manfred Ziemek, Pesantren dalam Perubahan Sosial, Jakarta: P3M., 1986.
Martin Bruinessen, Van, Kitab Kuning Pesantren Dan Tarekat: Tradisi-Tradisi Islam di Indonesia, Bandung: Mizan, 1995.
Martin Van Bruinessen, Gerakan Sempalan, Rakyat kecil Islam dan Politik, Anotasi Nomor 1, h. 206
Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Ter. Talcott Parson, New York: The Free Press, 1966.
Michael Adas, Prophets of Rebellion: Millenarian Protest Movements against the European Colonial Order, University of North Carolina Press, 1979.
Michael S. Northcott, Sociological Approach dalam Peter Connoly (E.d.), Approaches to the Study of Religion.
Mocsa, Ali Maschan, Nasionalisme Kiai Konstruksi Sosial Berbasis Agama, Yogyakarta: PT, LkiS Pelangi Aksara, 2007.
Mohammad Kosim, Kyai dan Blater, Elite Lokal Masyarakat Madura, Ejournal Karsa, STAIN Pamekasan, Vol XII, No II, 2007.
Northcott, Michael S, Sosiological Approach dalam Peter Connoly (Ed.), Approaches to the Study of Religion, London: Cassel, 1999.
Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, terj. Richard Nice, UK: Routledge & Kegal Paul Ltd, 1984.
Pierre Bourdieu, The Field of Cultural Production Essays on Art and Literature, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993.
Pradjarta Dirdjosanjoto, Memelihara Umat; Kiai Pesantren, Kiai Langgar di Jawa, Jogjakarta, LkiS, 1999.
Putnam, Robert, The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life," The American Prospect,13, Spring 1993.
Richard Harker, Cheelen Mahar dan Chris Wilkes, (Habitus x Modal) + Ranah = Praktik: Pengantar Paling Komprehensif kepada Pemikiran Pierre Bourdieu, terj. Pipit Maizier, Yogyakarta: Jalasutra, 2009.
Richard Jenkins, Pierre Bourdieu, London: Routledge, 1992.
Ritzer, George dan Goodman, Douglas J, Teori Sosiologi: Dari Teori Sosiologi Klasik Sampai Perkembangan Mutakhir Teori Sosial Postmoder Terj Nurhadi,Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana, 2010.
Scott, James, The Erosion of Patron-Client Bonds and Social Change in Rural Southeast Asia, Journal of Asian Studies, November, 1972.
Sukamto, Kepemimpinan dan Struktur Kekuasaan Kyai, Prisma, XXVI, April, Mei; 1997.
Tolchah Hasan, Islam dalam Perspektif Sosial Budaya, Galasa Nusantara, Jakarta, 1987.
Turmudi, E., Perselingkuhan Kiai dan Kekuasaan, Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2003.
Zainal Arifin Toha, Runtuhnya Singgasana Kiai, NU, Pesantren dan Kekuasaan: Pencarian Tak Kunjung Usai, Cet.II, Yogyakarta: Kutub, 2003.
Zamakhsari Dhofier, Tradisi Pesantren: Studi Tentang Pandangan Hidup Kiai, Jakarta: LP3ES, 1994.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Please find the rights and licenses in Al-Tahrir. By submitting the article/manuscript of the article, the author(s) agree with this policy. No specific document sign-off is required.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
2. Author(s)' Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User/Public Rights
Al-Tahrir's spirit is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, Al-Tahrir permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and Al-Tahrir on distributing works in the journal and other media of publications. Unless otherwise stated, the authors are public entities as soon as their articles got published.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights;
- Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- The right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- The right to reproduce the article for own purposes,
- The right to self-archive the article,
- The right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal (Al-Tahrir).
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by more than one author, any authors submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. Al-Tahrir will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. Al-Tahrir will only communicate with the corresponding author.
6. Royalties
Being an open accessed journal and disseminating articles for free under the Creative Commons license term mentioned, author(s) aware that Al-Tahrir entitles the author(s) to no royalties or other fees.
7. Miscellaneous
Al-Tahrir will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed. Al-Tahrir's editors may modify the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers as mentioned in point 3.