Tafsi>r al-Qummi> dan Politik: Telaah atas Kecenderungan Tasyayyu’ dalam Penafsiran Surat al-Baqarah
Abstract
Abstract: Nearly All muslims agree on the unity of the Qur’an. Nevertheless, this unity could not guarantee uniformity of interpretation. The differences on background of readers and interpreters may result in different interpretation. Tafsi>r al-Qummi>, as one of Shia Imamate’s books of exegesis which appears in certain mileu might reflect a tendency to take political attitude such as tashayyu’ or to glorify Ali and his descendants. Such a tendency can be viewed through comparing the method of takwil used by al-Qummi> and Tafsir Kementerian Agama in understanding particular verses affirming the prominence of Ali and his descendants. Takwil is conducted through putting verses with general meaning into another meaning that affirms the excellency of Ali and his descendants or putting their opponents as victims. This type of takwil could be traced back on the mileu in which al-Qummi> lived and interacted with the opponent schools at that time. This research shows that interpretation is mere expression of competition among readers in order to obtain superiority among others.
الملخص: المسلمون علي وشك الإتفاق بوحدة القران. ولكن لا يضمن هذا علي وحدة تفسيره. إختلاف التفسير باختلاف موقف خلفية المفسرين له. علي سبيل المثال، التفسير القمي يعتبر من التفاسير القراني الصادر عن البيئة والظروف الذي يعكس الميل إلي التشيع أي التمجيد بموقف علي رضي الله عنه وذريته. يمكن رؤية هذا الإتجاه التشيع من خلال الأساليب المستخدمة في تأويل بعض الأيات القرانية حيث أكد علي عظمة علي رضي الله عنه وذريته. بالدراسة المقارنة بين التفسير القمي وتفسير وزارة الشؤن الدينية (kementerian agama)، ظهرأنه يتم التأويل في التفسير القمي بوضع الأيات ذات المعني العامة إلي معني المشير إلي عظمة علي رضي الله عنه وذريته. أوالعكس، يؤلها إلي المعني الخاص بوضع المعارضين لعلِي رضي الله عنه وذريته كضحية. يمكن أن يعزو هذا النوع من نمط التفسير إلي البيئة التي يعيش فيه القمي ويتفاعل بالمذاهب الماعكس في ذلك العصر. ويوضح هذا البحث أيضا، أن التفسيرات هي مجرد تعبيرات حول واقع المنافسة بين القارء للحصول على ميزة تجاه المجموعات الأخرى.
Abstrak: Umat Islam hampir sepakat akan kesatuan al-Qur’an. Namun demikian, kesatuan ini tidak menjamin adanya kesatuan tafsir. Perbedaan latar belakang penafsir menyebabkan perbedaan penafsiran. Tafsi>r al-Qummi> sebagai sebuah tafsir Syi’ah Imamiyyah yang muncul dalam miliu tertentu merefleksikan suatu kecenderungan politik tashayyu’ atau sikap mengagungkan Ali dan keturunannya. Kecenderungan tashayyu’ ini dapat dilihat melalui metode takwil yang ia gunakan untuk memahami ayat-ayat guna menegaskan keagungan ‘Ali dan keturunannya. Hal ini diketahui dengan studi komparatif terhadap Tafsir Kementerian Agama. Takwilnya dilakukan dengan meletakkan ayat-ayat yang bermakna umum ke dalam makna yang menegaskan keagungan Ali dan keturunannya atau sebaliknya ditakwil ke dalam makna yang menempatkan lawan-lawan Ali dan keturunannya sebagai korban. Pola takwil semacam ini dapat dilacak ke dalam lingkungan al-Qummi dimana ia hidup dan berinteraksi dengan lawan-lawan madzhabnya pada masa itu. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa interpretasi hanyalah semata-mata expressi tentang realitas kompetisi antara pembaca untuk memperoleh keunggulan dibanding kelompok lain.
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