FATWA SHEIKH AḤMAD KHAṬĪB AL-MINANGKABĀWĪ (DS 0003 00018): A Jāwī Ulama’s Response to the Heterodoxy of Sufism
Abstract views: 200
,
PDF downloads: 135
Abstract
This article discusses the fatwa of a Jāwī or Malay-Indonesian archipelago ulama who taught in Mecca in the early twentieth century, Sheikh Ahmad Khatib Minangkabau (1860-1916). He was issuing fatwa on heterodox sufism in the archipelago. His fatwa is written in a manuscript from Ogan Komering Ilir entitled Fatwa Sheikh Aḥmad Khaṭīb al-Minangkabāwī (DS 0003 00018). The manuscript has been digitized by DREAMSEA in 2019. This manuscript was probably written when he became a lecturer in Mecca between 1887-1914. It contains questions and answers about the existence of the name Muhammad and rūḥ al-quds (holy spirit) in the human heart that commands the body. Using a social history approach, this study shows that the Fatwa manuscript shows the response of Jāwī ulama who were increasingly influenced by the teachings of Islamic reformism. Ahmad Khatib stated that it was impossible for the spirit of Muhammad and rūḥ al-quds to exist in the body. For him, Muhammad is a human being and the holy spirit is Gabriel, an angel. He stated that whoever believes that both Muhammad and Gabriel are in his/her body is wrong and misguided, and if he/she believes that they are eternal, then he/she is a disbeliever. Ahmad Khatib’s fatwa indicate an attempt to purge the heterodoxy of sufism continually by Sunnī ulama in the early twentieth century.
Downloads
References
‘Abd Al-Jabbār, ‘Umar. 1982. Siyar wa Tarājim Ba’ḍ ‘Ulamā’inā fī al-Qarn al-Rābi’ ‘Ashr li al-Hijrah. Jeddah: Ṭuhāmah.
Abu Sulaiman et al., 1997. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb Ibrāhīm. Fahras Makhṭūṭāt Maktabah Makkah al-Mukarramah, Riyāḍ: Maktabah al-Malik Fahd al-Waṭaniyyah.
Ahsin, Mohammad. 2020. “Studi Pemikiran Syekh Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabāwī tentang Pembagian Harta Warisan di Minangkabau dalam Kitab al-Dā’ī al-Masmū’”, Tesis M.A., Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naguib. 1970. The Mysticism of Hamzah Fansuri. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.
Ali, Yunasril. 1997. Manusia Citra Ilahi, Pengembangan Konsep Insan Kamil Ibn ‘Arabi oleh al-Jili. Jakarta: Paramadina.
Azra, Azyumardi. 1999. “The Transmission of al-Manār’s Reformism to the Malay-Indonesian World: the Cases of al-Imam and al-Munir.” Studia Islamika, Vol. 6, No. 3: 75-100.
Azra, Azyumardi. 2004. The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern ‘Ulama’ in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Honolulu: ASAA-Allen & Unwin and University of Hawai’i Press.
Behrend, T.E. 1998. Katalog Induk Naskah-Naskah Nusantara Jilid 4, Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Jakarta: YOI-EFEO.
Bīlā, Zakariyyā bin ‘Abdillāh. 2006. al-Jawāhir al-Ḥisān fī Tarājim al-Fuḍalā’ wa al-A’yān min Asātidhah wa Khallān, Mekah: Mu’assasah al-Furqān li al-Turāth al-Islāmī.
Bizawie, Zainul Milal. 2002. Perlawanan Kultural Agama Rakyat, Yogyakarta: Sahma-Yayasan Keris.
Burhanudin, Jajat. 2005. “Aspiring for Islamic Reform: Southeast Asian Request for Fatwās in al-Manār.” Islamic Law and Society 12: 1-26.
Burhanudin, Jajat. 2021. “The Triumph of the Second Leaders: Ahmad Khatib and Rashid Rida in Islamic Reform in Indonesia,” Afkaruna. Vol. 17, No. 2, 170-201.
Bruinessen, Martin van. 1992. Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah di Indonesia: Survei Historis, Geografis dan Sosiologis, Bandung: Mizan.
Bruinessen, Martin van. 1997. “Mencari Ilmu dan Pahala di Tanah Suci, Orang Nusantara Naik Haji,” dalam Indonesia dan Haji, ed. Dick Douwes and Nico Kaptein, trans. Soedarso Soekarno and Theresia Slamet, Jakarta: INIS.
Commins, David. 2006. The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia, London: I.B. Tauris.
Daḥlān, al-Sayyid Aḥmad bin al-Sayyid Zaynī. 2003. Al-Durrah al-Saniyyah fī al-Radd ‘alā al-Wahhābiyyah. Damaskus: Maktabah al-Aḥbāb.
Dumairieh, Naser. 2018. “Intellectual Life in the Ḥijāz in the 17th Century: The Works and Thought of Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī (1025-1101/1616-1690).” Thesis Ph.D. Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University, Montreal.
Fathurahman, Oman. 2011a. “Ithāf al-dhakī by Ibrāhīm al-Kūrānī: A Commentary of Wahdat al-Wujūd for Jāwī Audiences,” Archipel, 81: 177-198.
Fathurahman, Oman. 2011b. “Sejarah Pengkafiran dan Marginalisasi Paham Keagamaan di Melayu dan Jawa,” Analisis, Vol. XI, No. 2, Desember.
Heer, Nicholas. 2012. A Concise Handlist of Jāwī Authors and Their Works,”version 2.3, Seattle, Washington.
Hurgronje, C. Snouck. 2007. Mekka in the Latter Part of the 19th Century, tranlated by J.H. Monahan with an introduction by Jan Just Witkam. Leiden: Brill.
Ibn ‘Arabi. 1985. Shajarat al-Kawn li mu’allifih al-Shaikh al-Akbar Muḥyiddīn ibn ‘Arabī. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam.
Ilyas, Ahmad Fauzi. 2017. “Syekh Ahmad Khatib Minangkabau dan Polemik Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah di Nusantara,” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies. Vol. 1, No. 1, 86-112.
Ilyas, Ahmad Fauzi. 2018. “Polemik Sayyid Usman Betawi dan Syekh Ahmad Khatib Minangkabau tentang Salat Jumat,” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies. Vol. 2, No. 2, 239-263.
Ilyas, Ahmad Fauzi. 2023. Syaikh Ahmad Khatib Minangkabau dan Islam di Nusantara: Sebuah Biografi Intelektual (1860-1916). Yogyakarta: Selfietera Indonesia.
Al-Jīlānī, Syekh ‘Abd al-Qādir. 1993. Sirr al-Asrār. Damaskus: Dār al-Anșārī dan Dār al-Sanābil.
Kaptein, Nico. 1995. “Meccan Fatwas from the End of the Nineteenth Century on Indonesian Affairs,” Studia Islamika, Vol. 2, No. 4: 141-159.
Kaptein, Nico, 1997. Muhimmāt Al-Nafā’is: A Bilingual Meccan Fatwa Collection for Indonesian Muslims from the End of the Nineteenth Century. Jakarta: INIS.
Khatib al-Minkabāwī, Ahmad. al-Qawl al-Taḥīf fī Tarjamah Tārīkh Ḥayāh al-Shaykh Aḥmad al-Khaṭīb bin ‘Abd al-Laṭīf, 1334 AH, MS Makkah al-Mukarramah, No. 116.
Khatib al-Minkabāwī, Ahmad. Fatwa Syekh Aḥmad Khaṭīb al-Minangkabāwī. DS 0003 00018. Digital Repository of Endangered and Affected Manuscripts in Southeast Asia (DREAMSEA). https://w3id.org/vhmml/readingRoom/view/537689 (accessed 27/03/2022).
Kostiner, Joseph. 1993. The Making of Saudi Arabia 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State. New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Laffan, Michael. 2010. “Understanding Al-Imam’s Critique of Tariqa Sufism,” dalam Azyumardi Azra, Kees van Dijk dan Nico J.G. Kaptein, Varieties of Religious Authority, Changes and Challenges in twentieth Century Indonesian Islam, Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 17-53.
Laffan, Michael. 2011. The Makings of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Latif, Yudi. 2012. Intelegensia Muslim dan Kuasa: Genealogi Intelegensia Muslim Indonesia Abad Ke-20. Jakarta: Democracy Project.
Lewis et al. eds., B. 1986. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Vol. 3. London-Leiden: E.J. Brill-Luzac & Co.
MacRaild, Donald M. dan Taylor, Avram. 2004. Social Theory and Social History. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Midori et.al., Kawashima. 2015. A Provisional Catalogue of Southeast Asian Kitabs of Sophia University (Second Version), Tokyo: Institute of Asian Cultures – Center for Islamic Area Studies, Sophia University.
Nicholson, A. 1975. Studies in Islamic Mysticism. New Delhi: Idarah Adabiyat Delhi.
Noer, Deliar. 1996. Gerakan Moderen Islam di Indonesia 1900-1942. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Ochsenwald, William. 1984. Religion, Society and the State in Arabia: the Jijaz under Ottoman Control, 1840-1908, Ohio State University Press.
Othman, Mohammad Redzuan, 1994. “The Middle Eastern Influence on the Development of Religious and Political Thought in Malay Society, 1880-1940,” Thesis Ph.D., The University of Edinburgh.
Peters, F.E. 1994. The Hajj, The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Rohmana, Jajang A. 2021. “Diskursus Tasawuf Nusantara di Mekah: Respons Mukhtār ‘Aṭārid al-Bughūrī terhadap Ajaran Martabat Tujuh,” Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1-36.
Rohmana, Jajang A. 2023. “Syaikh Ahmad Khatib Minangkabau: Mendayung di antara Dua Karang,” in Ahmad Fauzi Ilyas, Syaikh Ahmad Khatib Minangkabau dan Islam di Nusantara: Sebuah Biografi Intelektual (1860-1916). Yogyakarta: Selfietera Indonesia.
Schimmel, Annemarie. 1987. And Muhammad is His Messenger, The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety. Pakistan: Vanguard Books Ltd.
Shoheh, Muhamad. 2013. “Cerita Perbantahan Dahulu Kala: Pembelaan dan Sanggahan Tuanku Nan Garang atas Kritik Sayyid ‘Uthman bin Yahya bin ‘Aqil Tahun 1885,” Jumantara, Vol. 4 No. 1.
Steenbrink, Karel A. 1984. Beberapa Aspek tentang Islam di Indonesia Abad ke-19. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.
Suryadi, 2005. “Syair Sunur: Autobiografi Seorang Dagang Minangkabau,” Sari 23, 83-104.
Weissmann, Itzchak. 2001. “Between Sufi Reformism and Modernist Rationalism—A Reappraisal of the Origins of the Salafiyya from the Damascene Angle,” Die Welt des Islams 41, 2 (2001): 206-237.
Witkam, Jan Just. 2007. Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the Library of the University of Leiden, Volume 6 (Cod. Or. 5001-6000), Leiden: Ter Lugt Press.
Witkam, Jan Just. 2019. Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the Library of the University of Leiden, Volume 8 (Cod. Or. 7001-8000), Leiden: Ter Lugt Press.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jajang A Rohmana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Please find the rights and licenses in Al-Tahrir. By submitting the article/manuscript of the article, the author(s) agree with this policy. No specific document sign-off is required.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
2. Author(s)' Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User/Public Rights
Al-Tahrir's spirit is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, Al-Tahrir permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and Al-Tahrir on distributing works in the journal and other media of publications. Unless otherwise stated, the authors are public entities as soon as their articles got published.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights;
- Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- The right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- The right to reproduce the article for own purposes,
- The right to self-archive the article,
- The right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal (Al-Tahrir).
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by more than one author, any authors submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. Al-Tahrir will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. Al-Tahrir will only communicate with the corresponding author.
6. Royalties
Being an open accessed journal and disseminating articles for free under the Creative Commons license term mentioned, author(s) aware that Al-Tahrir entitles the author(s) to no royalties or other fees.
7. Miscellaneous
Al-Tahrir will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed. Al-Tahrir's editors may modify the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers as mentioned in point 3.
