DISCRIMINATION OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM: The Case of Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Minority Group in West Kalimantan
Abstract views: 226
,
PDF downloads: 124
Abstract
Human rights are an aspect of social existence. Human rights also include the right to religious freedom in retaining faith and belief in human beings. By comprehending the right to religious freedom, we may identify the rights of belief in all individuals. This study aims to inform readers about the Ahmadiyya minority group’s religious freedom abuses in West Kalimantan due to discriminatory policies. This study argues that Ahmadiyya in Sintang has encountered forms of discrimination against the rights to religious freedom in Indonesia.Thus, this study formulates research questions such as (1) what is the chronology and form of persecution against Ahmadiyya? (2) what is the role of actors in discriminating against the Ahmadiyya minority group in West Kalimantan? (3) What is the policy on religious freedom toward the Ahmadiyya minority group in West Kalimantan? This study employed qualitative methods to describe the chronology of Ahmadiyya events in West Kalimantan through interviews and documentation. The findings of the study indicate that religious freedom discrimination against Ahmadiyya in West Kalimantan demonstrates: 1) the existence of violations of the right to freedom of religion; 2) the existence of contradictory policies; and 3) the existence of religiously motivated violence in West Kalimantan. This study’s findings demonstrate that the violation of religious freedom against the Ahmadiyya in West Kalimantan is a type of religious-based discrimination.
Downloads
References
Bagir, Panggabean, Samsu Rizal, Mohammad Miqdad, Asfinawati, and Ram Kakarala. Mengelola Keragaman Dan Kebebasan Refleksi Atas Beberapa Pendekatan Advokasi, 2014. www.crcs. ugm.ac.id.
Bielefeldt, Heiner, Thiago Alves Pinto, and Marie Juul Petersen. “Introduction: Freedom of Religion or Belief as a Human Right.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs 20, no. 2 (2022): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2065799 .
Coşgel, Metin M., Richard N. Langlois, and Thomas J. Miceli. “Identity, Religion, and the State: The Origin of Theocracy.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2020. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.09.026.
CRCS, Laporan. “Monthly Update on Religious Issues in Indonesia,” no. November (2022).
Dahl, Audun, Catherine Berner, Jehanita Jesuthasan, Jon Wehry, and Mahesh Srinivasan. “Crossing Religious Boundaries: Individual and Contextual Determinants of Who Can Violate Religious Norms.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. https://doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.3986930.
Dolansky, Eric, and Ilan Alon. “Religious Freedom, Religious Diversity, and Japanese Foreign Direct Investment.” Research in International Business and Finance, 2008. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2006.11.003.
George, Robert P. “The State of International Religious Freedom and Why It Matters.” Orbis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. orbis.2014.11.002.
Hebel-Sela, Shira, Boaz Hameiri, and Eran Halperin. “The Vicious Cycle of Violent Intergroup Conflicts and Conspiracy Theories.” Current Opinion in Psychology 47 (2022): 101422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101422.
ICCPR. “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,” no. 1 (2005).
Kerr, Susan. “Reflections on Freedom of Religion or Belief and Security.” Review of Faith and International Affairs 20, no. 2 (2022): 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.206580 5.
Laub, James Alan. “Assessing the Servant Organization; Development of the Organizational Leadership Assessment (OLA) Model. Dissertation Abstracts International,.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1999.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia. “Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia Nomor: 11/MUNAS VII/MUI/15/2005 Tentang Aliran Ahmadiyah,” 2005, 101–5.
Marshall, Paul. “The Ambiguities of Religious Freedom in Indonesia.” Review of Faith and International Affairs, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2018.1433588.
Mutaqin, Zezen Zaenal. “The Strong State And Pancasila: Reflecting Human Rights in the Indonesian Democracy.” Constitutional Review, 2017. https://doi.org/10.31078/consrev221.
Necula, Mihai Iulian. “Aspects Concerning the Penal Protection of the Freedom of Religious Beliefs.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. sbspro.2014.08.241.
Noor, Nina Mariani, Siti Syamsiyatun, and J. B. Banawiratma. “Ahmadiyah, Conflicts, and Violence in Contemporary Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 2013. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v3i1.1-30.
Persekusi, Lampiran Dokumen. “KEJADIAN PERSEKUSI 2019- 2021.” Kalimantan Barat, 2021.
Petersen, Marie Juul. “Freedom of Religion or Belief and Freedom of Expression.” Review of Faith and International Affairs 20, no. 2 (2022): 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2022.2 065806.
Prempeh, Charles. “Religion and the State in an Episodic Moment of COVID-19 in Ghana.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100141.
Reiner Platt, Elizabeth. “Breaking the Conservative Monopoly on Religious Liberty.” Review of Faith and International Affairs 20, no. 2 (2022): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.20 22.2065807.
Ropi, Ismatu. “Islamism, Government Regulation, and the Ahmadiyah Controversies in Indonesia.” Al-Jami’ah, 2010. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2010.482.281-320.
SAKA. ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK KOTA PONTIANAK DENGAN TIM PENELITI. Pontianak, 2021.
Sharma, Arvind. Problematizing Religious Freedom. Edited by Deen K Chatterjee. Vol. 15. New York: Springer, 2011.
Soedirgo, Jessica. “Informal Networks and Religious Intolerance: How Clientelism Incentivizes the Discrimination of the Ahmadiyah in Indonesia.” Citizenship Studies, 2018. https:// doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445490.
Sofjan, Dicky. “Minoritization & Criminalization of Shia Islam in Indonesia.” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2016.0002.
Suryana, Aan. “State Officials’ Entanglement with Vigilante Groups in Violence against Ahmadiyah and Shi’a Communities in Indonesia.” Asian Studies Review, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1 080/10357823.2019.1633273.
Copyright (c) 2023 BIBI SUPRIANTO
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Please find the rights and licenses in Al-Tahrir. By submitting the article/manuscript of the article, the author(s) agree with this policy. No specific document sign-off is required.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
2. Author(s)' Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).
3. User/Public Rights
Al-Tahrir's spirit is to disseminate articles published are as free as possible. Under the Creative Commons license, Al-Tahrir permits users to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work for non-commercial purposes only. Users will also need to attribute authors and Al-Tahrir on distributing works in the journal and other media of publications. Unless otherwise stated, the authors are public entities as soon as their articles got published.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights;
- Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- The right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- The right to reproduce the article for own purposes,
- The right to self-archive the article,
- The right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal (Al-Tahrir).
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was jointly prepared by more than one author, any authors submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. Al-Tahrir will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. Al-Tahrir will only communicate with the corresponding author.
6. Royalties
Being an open accessed journal and disseminating articles for free under the Creative Commons license term mentioned, author(s) aware that Al-Tahrir entitles the author(s) to no royalties or other fees.
7. Miscellaneous
Al-Tahrir will publish the article (or have it published) in the journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed. Al-Tahrir's editors may modify the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization, referencing and usage that deems appropriate. The author acknowledges that the article may be published so that it will be publicly accessible and such access will be free of charge for the readers as mentioned in point 3.
