Bridging Verbal and Non-Verbal Gaps: Multimodal Presentation Skills at Islamic Higher Education

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21154/cendekia.v23i2.11818

Keywords:

multimodal communication, modes, presentation skills, verbal and non-verbal, EFL learners

Abstract

Effective presentation skills are essential for EFL learners; however, many EFL students struggle to balance verbal proficiency with non-verbal expressiveness, leading to presentations that lack engagement, clarity, and confidence. This study explores how the integration of multimodal communication strategies can bridge the gap between verbal and non-verbal competence in EFL students’ presentations. Using a concurrent embedded mixed-methods design, 17 fourth-semester EFL students were purposively selected from two classes in the teaching Grammar course at Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang. Data were collected through classroom observations, video recordings, and questionnaires, and they were analyzed using thematic and descriptive statistical methods. Findings show significant improvements in verbal delivery (pronunciation, fluency, prosody) and non-verbal expression (eye contact, gestures, posture, spatial awareness). Furthermore, it revealed that multimodal strategies enhance presentation quality and reduce language anxiety by distributing communicative load across multiple modes. It recommends embedding multimodal training in EFL curricula with constructive feedback and accessible digital tools.

Author Biographies

Rudi Hartono, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Professor Rudi Hartono is a professor of translation studies in the English literature study program at the Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Semarang. He is concerned with literary translation, academic writing, and IT-based language instruction. He has authored several articles and books published by national and international publishers.

Puji Astuti, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

Professor Puji Astuti is a Professor at the Faculty of Languages and Arts at Universitas Negeri Semarang. Her work includes active learning, cooperative learning, EFL teacher education, identity construction, and digital literacies

References

Algouzi, Sami, Ali Abbas Falah Alzubi, and Mohd Nazim. “Strengthening English Language Undergraduates’ Presentation Skills: A Blackboard-Mediated Intervention Program.” PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (2023): e0289936. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289936.

Allard-Kropp, Manon. Languages and Worldview. University of Missouri–St. Louis, 2023. https://irl.umsl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=oer.

Arola, Kristin L., Jennifer Sheppard, and Cheryl E. Ball. Writer/Designer: A Guide to Making Multimodal Projects. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, 2014.

Azizah, Lailatul Nur, Risca Dwi Anggraini, and Siti Maria Ulfa. “Exploring the Impact of Cultural Diversity on Teacher’s Nonverbal Communication.” Social Studies in Education 1, no. 1 (2023): 1-22.

Ball, Cheryl E, Kristin L Arola, and Jennifer Sheppard. A Guide to Making Multimodal Projects. n.d.

Baranova, O., I. Voskresenskaya, M. Lanina, and E. Kurukalova. “The Role of Communication Factors in the Development of Students’ Presentation Skills.” Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 11, no. 6 (2022): 50–58. https://doi.org/10.12737/2587-9103-2022-11-6-50-58.

Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. SAGE, 2022.

Ding, Xixin, Min Chen, and Qi Xu. “Anxiety and Enjoyment in Oral Presentations: A Mixed-Method Study into Chinese EFL Learners’ Oral Presentation Performance.” International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 63, no. 3 (2025): 1973–97. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2023-0161.

Doukianou, Stella, Damon Daylamani-Zad, and Kathy O’Loingsigh. “Implementing an Augmented Reality and Animated Infographics Application for Presentations: Effect on Audience Engagement and Efficacy of Communication.” Multimedia Tools and Applications 80, no. 20 (2021): 30969–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-10963-4.

Elola, Idoia, M. Camino Bueno-Alastuey, and María Victoria López-Pérez. “Integrating Collaborative Digital Multimodal Tasks in Spanish as a Second Language Course.” ReCALL 37, no. 3 (2025): 368–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344025000011.

Fitriani, Aries. “Learning Styles and Strategies in Second Language Learning: Theoretical Review.” Cendekia: Jurnal Kependidikan Dan Kemasyarakatan 11, no. 2 (2013): 267-284. https://doi.org/10.21154/cendekia.v11i2.203.

Guo, Xiaoshuang. “Multimodality in Language Education: Implications of a Multimodal Affective Perspective in Foreign Language Teaching.” Frontiers in Psychology 14 (October 2023): 1283625. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283625.

Hardison, Debra M, and Martha C Pennington. “Multimodal Second-Language Communication: Research Findings and Pedagogical Implications.” RELC Journal 52, no. 1 (2021): 62–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688220966635.

Hey, Barbara. “Visualisation in the Talk—Design Slides in a Professional Manner.” In Mastering Scientific Presentations, by Barbara Hey. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44184-5_4.

Janjić, Paula, Gozdem Arikan, Harmen B. Gudde, Joseph J.C. Murphy, Laksha Sivaram, and Kenny R. Coventry. “The Role of Pointing Gestures and Eye Gaze in Second Language Vocabulary Learning.” Discourse Processes 62, nos. 8–9 (2025): 673–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2024.2343625.

Jasuli, Jasuli, Sri Fatmaning Hartatik, and Endang Setiyo Astuti. “The Impact of Nonverbal Communication on Effective Public Speaking in English.” Journey: Journal of English Language and Pedagogy 7, no. 2 (2024): 226–32. https://doi.org/10.33503/journey.v7i2.4346.

Joyce R. Moldez and Donita May C. Valera. “A Semiotic Analysis of Visual Elements on Slide Presentations used in College English Class.” EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), April 11, 2024, 235–41. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra16401.

Kang, Joohoon. “Developing Multimodal Communicative Competence: Adolescent English Learners’ Multimodal Composition in an After‐school Programme.” Literacy 56, no. 4 (2022): 355–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12294.

Keo, Vireak, Bunrosy Lan, Rany Sam, and Wen Rouet. “Exploring EFL Students’ Challenges in Oral Presentations at National University of Battambang.” International Journal of Professional Development, Learners and Learning 7, no. 2 (2025): e2513. https://doi.org/10.30935/ijpdll/16111.

Kress, Gunther, and Bezemer Jeff. “Multimodal Discourse Analysis,” in The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis. (London: Routledge, 2023. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003035244-12/multimodal-discourse-analysis-gunther-kress-jeff-bezemer.

Lee, Yow-jyy Joyce. “Integrating Multimodal Technologies with VARK Strategies for Learning and Teaching EFL Presentation: An Investigation into Learners’ Achievements and Perceptions of the Learning Process.” Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics 2, no. 1 (2019): 17–31. https://doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v2n1.118.

Lei, Qian, and Chunlei Zhang. “Using Multimodal Resources to Design EFL Classroom Lead-Ins—A Multimodal Pedagogical Stylistics Perspective.” Linguistics and Education 83 (October 2024): 101338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2024.101338.

Lim, Fei Victor and Lydia Tan-Chia. Designing Learning for Multimodal Literacy: Teaching Viewing and Representing. New York: Routledge, 2022.

Lim, Jungmin, and Matt Kessler. “Multimodal Composing and Second Language Acquisition.” Language Teaching 57, no. 2 (2024): 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444823000125.

Marsella, Elisabeth, and Vinindita Citrayasa. “Analyzing University Students’ Learning Needs to Improve English Presentation Skills.” IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature 12, no. 2 (2025): 2660–72. https://doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v12i2.5895.

Omotedani, Junko, and Machiko Sannomiya. “Educational Intervention to Foster English Presentation Skills: Based on Implications from Metacognitive Perspectives.” Journal of Global Tourism Research 8, no. 1 (2023): 15–26. https://doi.org/10.37020/jgtr.8.1_15.

Pack, Yun Hyun, Na Ya Choi, and Bokyung Kim. “Effects of Teaching Presentation Methods and Visual and Auditory Working Memory Capacity on Young Children’s Learning Effectiveness.” Korean Journal of Child Studies 42, no. 6 (2021): 721–40. https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2021.42.6.721.

Putra, A.H. “Integrating Web 2.0 Technologies in Multimodal Pedagogy: A Pathway to Learner Engagement.” Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan 25, No. 2 25, no. 2 (2023): 134–48. https://doi.org/10.31002/jtp.v25i2.78543.

Rochmahwati, Pryla, and Zakaria Bintang Pamungkas. “The Effect of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) toward Speaking Ability in STAIN Ponorogo.” Cendekia: Journal of Education and Society 13, no. 2 (2016): 341. https://doi.org/10.21154/cendekia.v13i2.253.

Skulmowski, Alexander, and Kate Man Xu. “Understanding Cognitive Load in Digital and Online Learning: A New Perspective on Extraneous Cognitive Load.” Educational Psychology Review 34, no. 1 (2022): 171–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09624-7.

Downloads

Published

2025-12-03

Issue

Section

Articles