Aligning Mercury Governance With Livelihoods, Legal Frameworks, and Religious Norms: Evidence from Indonesia’s ASGM

Amanda Adelina Harun; Vanessa Veronica; Fenty U. Puluhulawa

doi:10.21154/justicia.v23i1.12274

Authors

Amanda Adelina Harun Faculty of Law Universitas Negeri Gorontalo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9728-5791
Vanessa Veronica Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5568-3000
Fenty U. Puluhulawa Faculty of Law Universitas Negeri Gorontalo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9554-2694

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v23i1.12274

Keywords:

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining, mercury exposure, Minamata Convention

Abstract

This study aims to examine the health impacts of mercury exposure on miners and communities, analyse patterns of regulatory compliance in the context of largely informal mining, and evaluate the effectiveness of policies and legal instruments designed to reduce mercury use and mitigate environmental impacts. This study synthesises toxicological and biomonitoring evidence, community-based qualitative studies on practices and risk perceptions, and regulatory analysis in relation to international obligations. Results show that mercury biomarkers remain persistently high and there are neurological impacts on exposed populations, while informality limits oversight and weakens compliance. Interventions focused on enforcement often trigger displacement of activities (mining), rather than changes to more sustainable extraction practices. Policy effectiveness increases when regulations are combined with livelihood-sensitive supporting factors, including cooperative-based formalisation, access to financing and training, and technological transition through integrated governance. The study proposes a governance-livelihood-Islamic norm model and a compliance architecture aligned with maqasid al-sharia.

Author Biographies

Vanessa Veronica, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Vanessa Veronica is a student at the Magister Programme, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Her academic interests center on neurology. In this study, she contributed to the section “Medical Impacts of Mercury Exposure”, focusing on the health consequences of mercury use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM).

Fenty U. Puluhulawa, Faculty of Law Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Fenty U Puluhulawa is a professor and researcher at Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia. His academic focus and research interests include environmental law, mining law, plastic waste management, and criminal law. He actively engages in interdisciplinary studies linking environmental justice, sustainability, and legal policy reform.

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