Istiḥsān Dalam Madhhab Shāfi‘ī: Tinjauan Atas Kasus Mustathnayāt Madhhab Shāfi‘ī Perspektif Istiḥsān Madhhab Hanafī
Abstract
Istiḥsān is a dalīl (source and method) of Islamic law validated by the Hanafi school. Al-Shafi’i strongly rejected istiḥsān (juristic preference) and considered those who practice it as trying to compete with God as the Ultimate Authority and taking a careless decision. However, the istiḥsān way of thinking in the Shafi’i school is not uncommon but is considered valid. In the discipline of al-qawa’id al-fiqhiyah (Islamic legal maxims), the existence of mustathnayat (exceptions) cases with istithna’ (exception) method is showing istihsan method. This research compares mustathnayat/exception cases in qawa’d al-fiqhiyyah in Shafi’i madhhab and istihsan in Hanafi madhhab. The origin of the legal decision of exception in mustahnayat is judged from istihsan’s point of view. This research accepts that mustathnayat cases in Shafi’i madhhab result from thinking methods like istihsan in Hanafi madhhab in all aspects (its reality, method, and purpose).
Istiḥsān adalah fasilitas dalīl shar’ī milik madhhab Ḥanafī. Al-Shāfi’ī dengan keras menolak istiḥsān dan melukiskan orang yang mempraktekkannya sebagai menyaingi Tuhan sebagai pemegang otoritas hukum dan mengambil keputusan sembarangan. Akan tetapi di dalam madhhab Shāfi’ī sendiri cara berfikir semacam istiḥsān itu sebenarnya bukan hal yang asing. Dalam disiplin ilmu al-qawā’id al-fiqhīyah, keberadaan kasus-kasus mustathnayāt dengan langkah-langkah istithnā’ menampilkan cara kerja istiḥsān. Penelitian ini mencoba membandingkan kasus-kasus mustathnayāt dalam ilmu al-qawā’id al-fiqhīyah milik madhhab Shāfi’ī dengan istiḥsān milik madhhab Shāfi’ī. Seluk beluk keputusan hukum eksepsi dalam bentuk mustathnayāt itu ditilik dari sudut pandang istiḥsān. Penelitian ini membenarkan bahwa kasus-kasus mustathnayāt madhhab Shāfi’ī adalah hasil dari metode berfikir sebagaimana istiḥsān dalam madhhab Ḥanafī, baik hakikatnya, metodologinya maupun tujuannya.
Copyright (c) 2019 Abdul Munim
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