The Maslahat Epistemology in Cigarette Law: Study on The Fatwa Law on Cigarettes
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Abstract
Shaykh Ihsan Jampes gave the fatwa of the cigarette law as makrūh, while Majelis Tarjih gave the fatwa ḥarām. Although Sheikh Ihsan’s fatwa is individual, this fatwa deserves to be a comparison for the collective fatwa of the Majelis Tarjih. This is because Sheikh Ihsan’s fatwa is a complete picture of the NU fatwa in general. This paper is based on two essential questions: the two fatwas use the arguments in formulating the cigarette law and whether there are conceptual differences from these arguments. To answer these two questions, the method used is descriptive-critical-analysis with a critical hermeneutic approach. This article finds that both fatwa of Sheikh Ihsan Jampes and Majelis Tarjih have the same argument in deciding the cigarette law, namely the argument of utility or usefulness (maşlaḥat). However, the two fatwas are various in formulating the maşlaḥat model used. Shaykh Ihsan used maşlaḥat taḥsīniyyāh while Majelis Tarjih put it in the shade of maşlaḥah darūriyyah. This article implies, not only from the various variants of the different choices of cigarette law but also providing insight into the epistemology that underlies these differences in law. This article educates smokers to choose between continuing or leaving smoking. Epistemology, as is well known, is open the door to one's actions. This article also provides a perspective for policy-makers between legalizing or banning cigarettes based on the theory of maşlaḥat.
Syeikh Ihsan Jampes memberi fatwa hukum rokok sebagai makrūh, sementara Majelis Tarjih memberi fatwa ḥarām. Walau fatwa Syeikh Ihsan bersifat individual, fatwa ini layak menjadi pembanding bagi fatwa Majelis Tarjih yang kolektif. Hal ini disebabkan karena fatwa Syeikh Ihsan adalah gambaran lengkap bagi fatwa NU pada umumnya. Tulisan ini dilandasi oleh dua pertanyaan penting yaitu argumentasi apakah yang digunakan oleh kedua fatwa tersebut dalam merumuskan hukum rokok serta apakah ada perbedaan konseptual dari argumentasi tersebut. Untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan tersebut, metode yang digunakan adalah diskriptif-analisis-kritis dengan pendekatan hermeneutika kritis. Artikel ini menemukan jawaban bahwa fatwa Syeikh Ihsan Jampes dan fatwa Majelis Tarjih memiliki argumen yang sama dalam memberi hukum rokok yaitu argumentasi utilitas atau kebermanfaatan (maşlaḥat). Hanya saja, kedua fatwa tersebut berbeda dalam merumuskan model maşlaḥat yang digunakan. Syeikh Ihsan menggunakan maşlaḥah taḥsīniyyāh sementara Majelis Tarjih meletakkannya dalam naungan maşlaḥah darūriyyah. Artikel ini memberi implikasi, tidak saja dari berbagai varian pilihan hukum rokok yang berbeda, tetapi juga memberi pengetahuan tentang epistemologi yang melatari perbedaan hukum tersebut. Artikel ini mencerdaskan para perokok untuk mengambil pilihan antara melanjutkan merokok atau meninggalkannya. Epistemologi, seperti diketahui, adalah pintu pembuka bagi tindakan seseorang. Artikel ini juga memberi perspektif bagi pengambil kebijakan antara melegalkan rokok atau melarangnya yang didasarkan kepada teori maşlaḥat.
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